Εμφανίζονται 2 τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Θέματα γραμμάτων & τεχνών στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΝΟΜΑΡΧΙΑ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ Νομαρχία ΑΤΤΙΚΗ" .
The Stoic School was founded in 322 B.C. by Zeno of Cittium
and existed until the closing of the Athenian schools (A.D. 429), (it took the
name from the Stoa poikile, the painted hall or colonnade in which the lectures
were held.)
Its history may be divided into three parts: (1) Ancient Stoicism;
(2) Middle Stoicism; (3) New Stoicism.
Ancient Stoicism (322-204)
Zeno of Cittium
(b. 366; d. in 280) was the disciple of Crates the Cynic and the academicians
Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. After his death (264), Cleanthes of Assium (b.
331; d. 232) became head of the school; Chrysippus of Soli
(b. 280), succeeded and was scholarch until 204. These philosophers, all of Oriental
origin, lived in Athens where
Zeno played a part in politics and were in communication with the principal men
of their day.
The Stoic doctrine, of which Zeno laid the foundations, was developed
by Chrysippus in 705 treatises, of which only some fragments have been preserved.
In addition to the principles accepted by all thinkers of their age (the perception
of the true, if it exists, can only be immediate; the wise man is self-sufficient;
the political constitution is indifferent), derived from the Sophists and the
Cynics, they base the entire moral attitude of the wise man conformity to oneself
and nature, indifference to external things on a comprehensive concept of nature,
in part derived from Heraclitus, but inspired by an entirely new spirit. It is
a belief in a universal nature that is at one and the same time Fate infallibly
regulating the course of events (eimarmene, logos); Zeus, or providence, the eternal
principle of finality adapting all other things to the needs of rational beings;
the law determining the natural rules that govern the society of men and of the
gods; the artistic fire, the expression of the active force which produced the
world one, perfect, and complete from the beginning, with which it will be reunited
through the universal conflagration, following a regular and ever recurring cycle.
The popular gods are different forms of this force, described allegorically in
myths. This view of nature is the basis for the optimism of the Stoic moral system;
confidence in the instinctive faculties, which, in the absence of a perfect knowledge
of the world, ought to guide man's actions; and again, the infallible wisdom of
the sage, which Chrysippus tries to establish by a dialectic derived from Aristotle
and the Cynics.
But this optimism requires them to solve the following problems: the
origin of the passions and the vices; the conciliation of fate and liberty; the
origin of evil in the world. On the last two subjects they propounded all the
arguments that were advanced later up to the time of Leibniz.
Middle Stoicism (second and first centuries B.C.)
Stoicism during this period was no longer a Greek school; it had penetrated
into the Roman world and had become, under the influence of Scipio's friend, Panaetius
(185-112), who lived in Rome,
and of Posidonius, (135-40) who transferred the school to Rhodes,
the quasi-official philosophy of Roman imperialism. Its doctrines were considerably
modified, becoming less dogmatic in consequence of the criticism of the new Academician,
Carneades (215-129). In Stoic morality, Panaetius develops the idea of humanity.
Posidonius at once a savant, historian, geographer, mathematician, astronomer
and a mystic who commenting on Plato's works, revives his theories on the nature
and destiny of the soul.
New Stoicism (to A.D. 429)
The new Stoicism is more ethical and didactic. Science is
no longer the knowledge of nature, but a kind of theological summa of moral and
religious sentiments. Very little has been preserved of the short popular treatises
and discourses, wherein a vivid style introduced under the influence of the Cynic
diatribe, the philosopher endeavored to render his ethical principles practical.
The letters of Seneca (2-68) to Lucilius, the conversations of Musonius (time
of Nero), and of Epictetus (age of Domitian), the fragments of Hierocles (time
of Hadrian), the members of Marcus Aurelius (d. 180), give but an incomplete idea.
Stoicism, which generally disappeared as the official School, was the most important
of the Hellenistic elements in the semi-oriental religions of vanishing paganism.
This text is cited June 2003 from the Malaspina Great Books URL below, which contains image.
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