Εμφανίζονται 100 (επί συνόλου 216) τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Πληροφορίες για τον τόπο στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΒΟΡΕΙΑ ΡΗΝΑΝΙΑ-ΒΕΣΤΦΑΛΙΑ Πολιτεία ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ" .
ΚΟΛΩΝΙΑ (Πόλη) ΒΟΡΕΙΑ ΡΗΝΑΝΙΑ-ΒΕΣΤΦΑΛΙΑ
Colonia Agrippina or Agrippinensis, or simply Agrippina (Cologne,
as the French and English call it; Coln, and Koln, as the Germans call it), a
town on the left bank of the Rhine on the Roman road, which ran from Augusta Rauracorum
(Angst near Bale) past Strassburg, Worms, Mainz, Bingen, Coblenz, and Bonn. The
road was continued on the left bank of the Rhine from Cologne, through Novesium
(Neuss), Colonia Trajana (Kellen near Cleves), Noviomagus (Nymegen), and thence
to Lugdunum (Leyden). The position is determined by the Itineraries and by the
name. There are also medals of Colonia Agrippinensis, and the name occurs on inscriptions.
This town was originally called Oppidum Ubiorum (Tacit. Ann. i. 36),
and it was the chief town of the Ubii, a German nation. The Ubii were on the east
side of the Rhine in Caesar's time; but under Augustus they removed across the
Rhine under the protection of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, to escape from the attacks
of their neighbours the Catti. Agrippina, the wife of Claudius and the daughter
of Germanicus Caesar, who was born at the Oppidum Ubiorum while her father commanded
in these parts prevailed on her husband (A.D. 51) to send a colony of veteran
soldiers there, and from that time the place had her name. (Tacit. Ann. xii. 27;
Strabo, p. 194.) The Agrippinenses were made Juris Italici (Paulus, Dig. 50. tit.
15. s. 8), that is, the place had the Jus Italicum, which was a great privilege;
but it does not appear whether it was conferred at the time of the colonisation
or afterwards. An inscription in Gruter shows that it was also called Colonia
Claudia Augusta Agrippinensium. Tacitus (Germ. c. 28; Hist. iv. 28) observes that
the Ubii were willingly called Agrippinenses, from the name of their founder (conditoris
sui), as if Agrippa founded the colony, though, in the passage already cited,
Tacitus ascribes the foundation of the colony to Agrippina, or to her interest
at least.
Cologne is well placed for a large town, being just below the point
where the flats of the Netherlands commence, in a fertile country, and forming
a convenient place of transit between the countries on the east and west sides
of the Rhine. Its position on the German frontier involved it in trouble during
the insurrection of Civilis, whom the people at length joined. The Transrhenane
Germans were jealous of Cologne, which had grown rich. (Tacit. Hist. iv. 28.)
The Colonia was protected by a wall, which the rude Germans on the other bank
of the Rhine considered a badge of slavery. The Roman settlers and the Germans
in the place had intermarried. The town had a transit trade, which was burdened
with duties; and probably the people levied tolls on the boats that went up and
down the river (Tacit. Hist. iv. 63-65), an obstacle to commerce which long existed
on the Rhine.
Cologne became the chief town of Germania Secunda or Inferior. Aulus
Vitellius was at Cologne, as governor of the Lower Germania, when he was proclaimed
emperor by the soldiers. (Sueton. Vitell. c. 8.) There was a temple of Mars at
Cologne, in which a sword was hung up, that was said to have been the sword of
Divus Julius. Vitellius went about the most crowded streets of Cologne with this
sword in his hand, when he was proclaimed emperor, and carried it off with him.
But he sent the sword with which Otho killed himself, to be dedicated in the temple
of Mars at Cologne. (Vitell. c. 10.)
Trajan was also at Cologne when Nerva died A.D. 98, and he assumed
the imperial insignia there. (Oros. vii. 12.) Ammianus (xv. 11) mentions Cologne
under the name of Agrippina, and Tungri (Tongern), as large and rich cities of
Secunda Germania. The place was taken by the Franks, but was recovered by Julian
about A.D. 356, at which time it was a strongly fortified place. It is also mentioned
by Zosimus (i. 38), under the name of Agrippina, as a very large city. In the
Notitia it is called Metropolis civitas Agrippinensium.
The Roman remains of Cologne consist of what is called the Pfaffenporte,
supposed to be the old Porta Claudia, with the inscription C. C. A. A., and some
remains of the walls. Many statues, sarcophagi, and other Roman remains have been
found there. Some authorities speak of traces of a subterranean passage from Cologne
to Treves, which is an absurd fiction. There was a Roman road from Augusta Trevirorum
to Cologne, the line of which appears to be indicated plain enough in some parts
by the directions and position of the modern road. The old town of Cologne was
that which was surrounded with walls by the Romans, and until near the close of
the twelfth century was called the civitas intra coloniam. The circuit of the
ancient Colonia is described by Gelenius (De admiranda sacra et civili magnitudine
Coloniae, Col. 1645, 4to.; referred to by Eichhorn). About A.D. 1180 a new wall
inclosed the suburbs.
Cologne was made a Roman city juris Italici, which means that the
municipal government and a limited jurisdiction in civil matters were in the hands
of the city magistrates, whether they were called Duumviri or by any other name,
and of an Ordo (Curia). The criminal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction in more
important civil matters were in the hands of the Consularis or governor of Germania
Secunda, whose residence was at Cologne. It seems a very reasonable conjecture
that this important city never entirely lost its original constitution, and that
its municipal system as it existed in the middle ages, as they are called, is
of Roman original. Though this cannot be proved, it is shown to be very probable
by Eichhorn (Ueber den Ursprung der Stadtischen Verfassung in Deutschland, Zeitschrift
fur Geschicht. Rechtswissenschaft, Band ii). The place fell into the hands of
the Franks in the first half of the fifth century, A. D.; and if it be true that
the Roman general Aetius recovered it, as some assume, the Romans did not keep
it, for Childeric, the father of Chlodowig, had possession of the place. He spared
the fortifications of Cologne, though he destroyed those of Treves. It was the
residence of the Frankish kings in Chlodowig's time, and is often mentioned in
Frankish history as a strongly fortified place. It is well known that, as a general
rule, the Franks allowed their Roman subjects to retain their own law, and it
necessarily follows that they must have allowed them, to some extent at least,
to retain the Roman institutions, without which the Roman law could not have been
applied. Cologne was the first large Roman town that the Frankish kings got possession
of, and there were reasons sufficient why they should allow this ancient and powerful
city to retain its municipal constitution; and it is difficult to think of any
reasons why they should destroy it. The investigation of this subject by Eichhorn
is highly interesting.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Gelduba (Krefeld-Gellep) Germany.
An auxiliary castellum of the lower Germanic limes. Pliny (HN 19.90) mentions
Gelduba as a castellum Rheno impositum in an agriculturally rich area. The legate
Vocula constructed a camp here during the uprising of the Batavi. It was occupied
a short time and surrendered under pressure from Civilis (Tac. Hist. 4.26, 32,
35, 36, 58). After A.D. 70 an auxiliary castellum was built (It. Ant. 255.3) of
which so far the principia have been excavated. There was a vicus SE of the auxiliary
castellum. There are traces of ditches, possibly of a camp, and areas surrounded
by strong fences where Roman weapons have been found. From Flavian times until
the 3d c. A.D. Gelduba seems to have been the garrison of an ala; in Late Roman
times, perhaps of limitanei. The graves date from Neronic to Merovingian times.
Most of the finds are at the Niederrheinisches Landschaftsmuseum in
Krefeld-Linn; some at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn.
H. Von Petrikovits, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
Λάβετε το καθημερινό newsletter με τα πιο σημαντικά νέα της τουριστικής βιομηχανίας.
Εγγραφείτε τώρα!
