Εμφανίζονται 100 (επί συνόλου 1613) τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Πληροφορίες για τον τόπο στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ Χώρα ΕΥΡΩΠΗ" .
ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΠΙΣΙΔΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
ΠΕΡΓΑΜΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
ΑΒΥΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΜΑΡΜΑΡΑ
Abydus (he Abudos, Abydum, Plin. v. 32: Eth. Abudenos, Abydenus),
a city of Mysia on the Hellespontus, nearly opposite Sestus on the European shore.
It is mentioned as one of the towns in alliance with the Trojans. (Il. ii. 836.)
Aidos or Avido, a modern village on the Hellespont, may be the site of Abydos,
though the conclusion from a name is not certain. Abydus stood at the narrowest
point of the Hellespontus, where the channel is only 7 stadia wide, and it had
a small port. It was probably a Thracian town originally, but it became a Milesian
colony. (Thuc. viii. 61.) At a point a little north of this town Xerxes placed
his bridge of boats, by which his troops were conveyed across the channel to the
opposite town of Sestus, B.C. 480. (Herod. vii. 33.) The bridge of boats extended,
according to Herodotus, from Abydus to a promontory on the European shore, between
Sestus and Madytus. The town possessed a small territory which contained some
gold mines, but Strabo speaks of them as exhausted. It was burnt by Darius, the
son of Hystaspes, after his Scythian expedition, for fear that the Scythians,
who were said to be in pursuit of him, should take possession of it (Strab. p.
591); but it must soon have recovered from this calamity, for it was afterwards
a town of some note; and Herodotus (v. 117) states that it was captured by the
Persian general, Daurises, with other cities on the Hellespont (B.C. 498), shortly
after the commencement of the Ionian revolt. In B.C. 411, Abydus revolted from
Athens and joined Dercyllidas, the Spartan commander in those parts. (Thuc. viii.
62.) Subsequently, Abydus made a vigorous defence against Philip II., king of
Macedonia, before it surrendered. On the conclusion of the war with Philip (B.C.
196), the Romans declared Abydus, with other Asiatic cities, to be free. (Liv.
xxxiii. 30.) The names of Abydus and Sestus are coupled together in the old story
of Hero and Leander, who is said to have swam across the channel to visit his
mistress at Sestus. The distance between Abydus and Sestus, from port to port,
was about 30 stadia, according to Strabo.
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ΑΓΚΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Ancyra (Ankura: Eth. Ankuranos, Ancyranus.) (Angora or Engareh), a
town of Galatia, near a small stream, which seems to enter the Sangarius. Ancyra
originally belonged to Phrygia. The mythical founder was Midas, the son of Gordius.
(Paus. i. 4.) Midas found an anchor on the spot, and accordingly gave the name
to the town; a story which, would imply that the name for anchor (ankura) was
the same in the Greek and in the Phrygian languages. Pausanias confirms the story
by saying that the anchor remained to his time in the temple of Zeus. Stephanus
(s. v. Ankura) gives another story about the name, which is chronologically false,
if Ancyra was so called in the time of Alexander. (Arrian. Anab. ii. 4.) The town
became the chief place of the Tectosages (Strab. p. 567), a Gallic tribe from
the neighbourhood of Toulouse, which settled in these parts about B.C. 277. The
Galatae were subjected by the Romans under Cn. Manlius, B.C. 189, who advanced
as far as An. cyra, and fought a battle with the Tectosages near the town. (Liv.
xxxviii. 24.) When Galatia was formally made a Roman province, B.C. 25, Ancyra
was dignified with the name Sebaste, which is equivalent to Augusta, with the
addition of Tectosagum, to distinguish it from Pessinus and Tavium, which were
honoured with the same title of Sebaste. Ancyra had also the title of Metropolis,
as the coins from Nero's time show. Most of the coins of Ancyra have a figure
of an anchor on them.
The position of Ancyra made it a place of great trade, for it lay
on the road from Byzantium to Tavium and Armenia, and also on the road from Byzantium
to Syria. It is probable, also, that the silky hair of the Angora goat may, in
ancient as in modern times, have formed one of the staples of the place. The hills
about Angora are favourable to the feeding of the goat. The chief monument of
antiquity at Ancyra is the marble temple of Augustus, which was built in the lifetime
of the emperor. The walls appear to be entire, with the exception of a small portion
of one side of the cella. On the inside of the antae of the temple is the Latin
inscription commonly called the Monumentum or Marmor Ancyranum. Augustus (Suet.
Aug. 101) left behind him a record of his actions, which, it was his will, should
be cut on bronze tablets, which were to be placed in front of his Mausoleum. A
copy of this memorable record was cut on the walls of this temple at Ancyra, both
in Greek and Latin. We must suppose that the Ancyrani obtained permission from
the Roman senate or Tiberius to have a transcript of this record to place in the
temple of Augustus, to whom they had given divine honours in his lifetime, as
the passage from Josephus (Antiq. Jud. xvi. 10), when properly corrected, shows.
(See Is. Casaub. in Ancyran. Marmor. Animadv.) The Latin inscription appears to
have been first copied by Busbequius about the middle of the sixteenth century,
and it has been copied by several others since. The latest copy has been made
by Mr. Hamilton, and his copy contains some corrections on former transcripts.
A Greek inscription on the outer wall of the cella had been noticed by Pococke
and Texier, but, with the exception of a small part, it was concealed by houses
built against the temple. By removing the mud wall which was built against the
temple, Hamilton was enabled to copy part of the Greek inscription. So much of
it as is still legible is contained in the Appendix to his second volume of Researches
in Asia Minor, &c. This transcript of the Greek version is valuable, because it
supplies some defects in our copies of the Latin original. A Greek inscription
in front of one of the antae of the temple seems to show that it was dedicated
to the god Augustus and the goddess Rome. Hamilton copied numerous Greek inscriptions
from various parts of the town. (Appendix, vol. ii.) One of the walls of the citadel
contains an immense number of portions of bas-reliefs, inscriptions, funereal
cippi with garlands, and the caput bovis, caryatides, columns and fragments of
architraves, with parts of dedicatory inscriptions, resembling indeed very much
the walls of a rich museum. (Hamilton.)
Angora is still a considerable town, with a large population.
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ΑΓΟΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Agora (Hagora), a town situated about the middle of the narrow neck
of the Thracian Chersonesus, and not far from Cardia. Xerxes, when invading Greece,
passed through it. (Herod. vii. 58; Scylax, p. 28; Steph. B. s. v.)
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ΑΔΑΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Adada (Eth. Adadeus, Ptol.; Adadare in old edit. of Strabo; Odada, Hierocl.), a town in Pisidia of uncertain site. On coins of Valerian and Gallienus we find ADADEMN. Adada is mentioned in the Councils as the see of a bishop. (Artemiod. ap. Strab. xii. p. 570; Ptol. v. 5. § 8; Hierocl. p. 674, with Wesseling's note.)
ΑΔΑΝΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Adana: Eth. Adaneus, a town of Cilicia, which keeps its ancient name, on
the west side of the Sarus, now the Syhoon or Syhan. It lay on the military road
from Tarsus to Issus, in a fertile country. There are the remains of a portico.
Pompey settled here some of the Cilician pirates whom he had compelled to submit.
(Appian, Mith. 96.) Dion Cassius (xlvii. 31) speaks of Tarsus and Adana being
always quarrelling.
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ΑΔΡΑΜΥΤΤΙΟΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Adramyteum (Adramuttion, Adramutteion, Atramutteion: Eth. Adramuttenos,
Adramyttenus: Adramiti or Edremit). A town situated at the head of the bay, called
from it Adramyttenus, and on the river Caicus, in Mysia, and on the road from
the Hellespontus to Pergamum. According to tradition it was founded by Adramys,
a brother of Croesus, king of Lydia; but a colony of Athenians is said to have
subsequently settled there. (Strab. p. 606.) The place certainly became a Greek
town. Thucydides (v. 1; viii. 108) also mentions a settlement here from Delos,
made by the Delians whom the Athenians removed from the island B.C. 422. After
the establishment of the dynasty of the kings of Pergamum, it was a seaport of
some note; and that it had some shipping, appears from a passage in the Acts of
the Apostles (xxvii. 2). Under the Romans it was a Conventus Juridicus in the
province of Asia, or place to which the inhabitants of the district resorted as
the court town. There are no traces of ancient remains.
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Lyrnessus (Lurnessos: Eth. Lurnessios or Lurnaios, Aeschyl. Pers.
324).
1. A town often mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 690, xix. 60, xx. 92, 191), and described
by Stephanus B. (s. v.) as one of the eleven towns in Troas; and Strabo (iii.
p. 612) mentions that it was situated in the territory of Thebe, but that afterwards
it belonged to Adramyttium. Pliny (v. 32) places it on the river Evenus, near
its sources. It was, like Thebe, a deserted place as early as the time of Strabo.
(Comp. Strab. xiii. p. 584; Diod. v. 49.) About 4 miles from Karavaren, Sir C.
Fellows (Journ. of an Exc. in Asia Minor, p. 39) found several columns and old
walls of good masonry; which he is inclined to regard as remnants of the ancient
Lyrnessus.
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ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟΥ ΘΗΡΕΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΜΥΣΙΑ
Hadrianutherae (Hadrianou therai), a town of Mysia, on the road from
Ergasteria to Miletopolis, was built by the emperor Hadrian to commemorate a successful
hunt which he had had in the neighbourhood. (Dion Cass. lxix. 10; Spartian, Hadr.
20.) This town, of which we possess coins from the reign of Hadrian onwards, is
identified by Sestini (Viaggi Diversi, p. 135) with the village of Trikala, one
hour and a half from Soma. (Comp. G. Cedren. i. p. 437, ed. Bonn; Aristid. i.
p. 500.) It seems to have been a place of some note; for it was the see of a bishop,
and on its coins a senate is mentioned. (Hierocl. p. 6.)
ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟΥΠΟΛΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Hadrianopolis (Hadrianoupolis) (Adrianople or Edrene), the most important
of the many towns founded by the emperor Hadrian, was situated in Thrace, at the
point where the river Tonzus joins the Hebrus, and where the latter river, having
been fed in its upper course by numerous tributaries, becomes navigable. From
Ammianus Marcellinus (xiv. 11, xxvii. 4) it would appear that Hadrianopolis was
not an entirely new town, but that there had existed before on the same spot a
place called Uscudama, which is mentioned also by Eutropius (vi. 8). But as Uscudama
is not noticed by earlier writers, some modern critics have inferred that Marcellinus
was mistaken, and that Uscudama was situated in another part of the country. Such
criticism, however, is quite arbitrary, and ought not to be listened to. At one
time Hadrianopolis was designated by the name of Orestias or Odrysus (Lamprid.
Heliog. 7; Nicet. pp. 360, 830; Aposp. Geog. ap. Hudson, iv. p. 42); but this
name seems afterwards to have been dropped. The country around Hadrianople was
very fertile, and the site altogether very fortunate, in consequence of which
its inhabitants soon rose to a high degree of prosperity. They carried on extensive
commerce and were distinguished for their manufactures, especially of arms. The
city was strongly fortified, and had to sustain a siege by the Goths in A.D. 378,
on which occasion the workmen in the manufactories of arms formed a distinct corps.
Next to Constantinople, Hadrianopolis was the first city of the Eastern empire,
and this rank it maintained throughout the middle ages; the Byzantine emperors,
as well as the Turkish sultans, often resided at Hadrianopolis. (Spart. Hadr.
20; Amm. Marc. xxxi. 6, 12, 15; It. Ant. 137, 175, 322; Procop. B. G. iii. 40;
Ann. Comn. x. p. 277; Zosim. ii. 22; Cedren. ii. pp. 184, 284, 302, 454; Hierocl.
p. 635; Nicet. p. 830.)
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ΑΖΑΝΙΤΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Azani (Azanoi: Eth. Azanites), as the name appears in Strabo, and
Stephanus (s. v. Azanoi). The name on coins and inscriptions is Aizanoi, and also
in Herodian, the grammarian, as quoted by Stephanus. Azani is a city of Phrygia
Epictetus. The district, which was called Azanitis, contained the sources of the
river Rhyndacus.
This place, which is historically unknown, contains very extensive
ruins, which were first visited in 1824 by the Earl of Ashburnham (Arundell‘s
Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 347); it had been incorrectly stated (Cramer's Asia Minor,
vol. ii. p. 14) that the ruins were discovered by Dr. Hall. They have since been
visited by several other travellers. The remains are at a place called Tchavdour-Hissar,
on the left bank of the Rhyndacus. There are two Roman bridges with elliptical
arches over the Rhyndacus; or three according to Fellows. (Plan, p. 141.) On the
left bank of the Rhyndacus, on a slight eminence, is a beautiful Ionic temple,
one of the most perfect now existing in Asia Minor. (Hamilton, Researches, &c.,
vol. i. p. 101.) Eighteen columns and one side and end of the cella are standing.
There are also the colossal foundations of another temple; and some remains of
a third. The theatre is situated near half a mile from the temple; and there is
a stadium which extends north and south in a direct line of prolongation from
the theatre, with which it is immediately connected, although at a lower level.
Some of the marble seats, both in the stadium and in the theatre, are well preserved,
and of highly finished workmanship. There is a view of the temple of Azani in
Fellows' Asia Minor. There are many fronts of tombs sculptured as doors with panels
and devices, having inscriptions. (Fellows, who has given a drawing of one of
these doors.) Among the coins which Hamilton procured at this place, and in the
surrounding country, there were coins of Augustus, Claudius, Faustina, and other
imperial personages. Some also were autonomous, the legends being Demos, Hiera
Boule, or Hierasunkletos Aizaneiton, or Aizaniton. Several inscriptions from Azani
have been copied by Fellows, and by Hamilton. None of the inscriptions are of
early date, and probably all of them belong to the Roman period. One of these
records the great, both benefactor and saviour and founder of the city, Cl. Stratonicus,
who is entitled consul (hupaton); and the monnment was erected by his native city.
This Stratonicus, we may infer from the name Claudius, was a native, who had obtained
the Roman citizenship. The memorial was erected in the second praetorship (to
B strategountos) of Cl. Apollinarius. Another inscription contains the usual formula,
he Boule kai ho Demos. In the interior of the cella of, the temple there are four
long inscriptions, one in well formed Greek characters, another in inferior Greek
characters, and two in badly cut Roman characters. There are also inscriptions
on the outside of the cella. It appears from one inscription that the temple,
which is now standing, was dedicated to Zeus.
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ΑΙΓΑΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aegae, Aighai: Eth. Aigaios, Aigalheus. An Aeolian city (Herod. i. 149),
a little distance from the coast of Mysia, and in the neighbourhood of Cume and
Temnus. It is mentioned by Xenophon (Hellen. iv. 8. § 5) under the name Ainxis,
which Schneider has altered into Aighai. It suffered from the great earthquake,
which in the time of Tiberius (A.D. 17) desolated 12 of the cities of Asia. (Tacit.
Ann. ii. 47.)
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ΑΙΓΑΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aegae in Asia (Aigai, Aigaial, Ainxai: Eth. Aigaios, Ainxhates; Ayas
Kala, or Kalassy), a town on the coast of Cilicia, on the north side of the bay
of Issus. It is now separated from the outlet of the Pyramus (Jyhoon) by a long
narrow aestuary called Ayas Bay. In Strabo's time it was a small city with a port.
(Comp. Lucan, iii. 227.) Aegae was a Greek town, but the origin of it is unknown.
A Greek inscription of the Roman period has been discovered there (Beaufort, Karamania,
p. 299); and under the Roman dominion it was a place of some importance. Tacitus
calls it Aegeae (Ann. xiii. 8.)
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ΑΙΝΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aenus (Ainos: Eth. Ainhiates, Aenius: Enos), a town of Thrace, situated
upon a promontory on the south-eastern side of the PaIns Stentoris, through which
one of the mouths of the Hebrus makes its way into the sea. According to Virgil
(Aen. iii. 18), it was founded by Aeneas when he landed there on his way from
Troy, but there does not seem any more authority for this statement than the similarity
of the names; but its antiquity is attested by the fact of its being mentioned
by Homer (Il. iv. 519). According to Herodotus (vii. 58) and Thucydides (vii.
57), Aenus was an Aeolic colony. Neither of them, however, mentions from what
particular place it was colonised. Scymnus Chius (696) attributes its foundation
to Mytilene; Stephanus Byzant. to Cumae, or, according to Meineke's edition, to
the two places conjointly. According to Strabo, a more ancient name of the place
was Poltyobria. Stephanus says it was also called Apsinthus.
Little especial mention of Aenus occurs till a comparatively late
period of Grecian history. It is mentioned by Thucydides that Aenus sent forces
to the Sicilian expedition as a subject ally of Athens. At a later period we find
it successively in the possession of Ptolemy Philopator, B.C. 222 (Pol. v. 34),
of Philip, king of Macedonia, B.C. 200 (Liv. xxxi. 16), and of Antiochus the Great.
After the defeat of the latter by the Romans, Aenus was declared free. (Liv. xxxviii.
60.) It was still a free city in the time of Pliny (iv. 11).
Athenaeus speaks of the climate of Aenus as being peculiarly ungenial.
He describes the year there as consisting of eight months of cold, and four of
winter.
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ΑΙΟΛΙΣ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aeolis (Aiolhis, Aeolia), a district on the west coast of Asia Minor, which
is included by Strabo in the larger division of Mysia. The limits of Aeolis are
variously defined by the ancient geographers. Strabo makes the river Hermus and
Phocaea the southern limits of Aeolis and the northern of Ionia. He observes,
that as Homer makes one of Aeolis and Troja, and the Aeolians occupied the whole
country from the Hermus to the coast in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus and founded
cities, neither shall I imperfectly make my description by putting together that
which is now properly called Aeolis, which extends from the Hermus to Lectum,
and the country which extends from Lectum to the Aesepus. Aeolis, therefore, properly
so called, extended as far north as the promontory of Lectum, at the northern
entrance of the bay of Adramyttium. The bay of Adramyttium is formed by the S.
coast of the mountainous tract in which Ilium stood, by the island of Lesbos,
and by the coast of Aeolis S. of Adramyttium, which runs from that town in a SW.
direction. The coast is irregular. South of the bay of Adramyttium is a recess,
at the northern point of which are the Hecatonnesi, a numerous group of small
islands, and the southern boundary of which is the projecting point of the mainland,
which lies nearest opposite to the southern extremity of Lesbos. The peninsula
on which the town of Phocaea stood, separates the gulf of Cume on the N. from
the bay of Smyrna on the S. The gulf of Cume receives the rivers Evenus and Caicus.
The territory of the old Aeolian cities extended northward from the Hermus to
the Calicus, comprising the coast and a tract reaching 10 or 12 miles inland.
Between the bay of Adramyttium and the Caicus were the following towns: -Cisthene
(Kidthhene, Chirin-koi), on a promontory, a deserted place in Strabo's time. There
was a port, and a copper mine in the interior, above Cisthene. Further south were
Coryphantis (KornPhanthis), Heracleia (Heraklheia), and Attea (Hattea, Ajasmat-koi).
Coryphantis and Heracleia once belonged to the Mytilenaeans. Herodotus (i. 149)
describes the tract of country which these Aeolians possessed, as superior in
fertility to the country occupied by the cities of the Ionian confederation, but
inferior in climate. He enumerates the following 11 cities: Cume, called Phriconis;
Lerissae, Neon Teichos, Temnus, Cilla, Notium, Aegiroessa, Pitane, Aegaeae, Myrina,
and Grynexa. Smyrna, which was originally one of them, and made the number 12,
fell into the hands of the Ionians. Herodotus says, that these 11 were all the
Aeolian cities on the mainland, except those in the Ida; for these are separated
(i. 151); and in another place (v. 122) Herodotus calls those people Aeolians
who inhabited the Ilias, or district of Ilium.
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ΑΚΜΟΝΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΦΡΥΓΙΑ
Acmonia (Akmonia: Eth. Akmonieus, Akmonios, Acmonensis), a city of Phrygia, mentioned
by Cicero (Pro Flacc. 15.) It was on the road from Dorylaeum to Philadelphia,
36 Roman miles SW. of Cotyaeum; and under the Romans belonged to the Conventus
Juridicus of Apamea. The site has been fixed at Ahatkoi; but it still seems doubtful.
(Hamilton, Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 115.)
ΑΛΑΒΑΝΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Alabanda (he Alabanda, ta Alabanda: Eth. Alabandeus, Alabandeus,
Alabandensis, Alabandenus: Adj. Alabandicus), a city of Caria, was situated
160 stadia S. of Tralles, and was separated from the plain of Mylasa by a mountain
tract. Strabo describes it as lying at the foot of two hills (as some read the
passage), which are so close together as to present the appearance of an ass
with its panniers on. The modern site is doubtful; but Arab Hiss&,acute; on
a large branch of the Maeander, now called the Tshina, which joins that river
on the S. bank, is supposed by Leake to represent Alabanda; and the nature of
the ground corresponds well enough with Strabo's description. The Tshina may
probably be the Marsyas of Herodotus (v. 118). There are the remains of a theatre
and many other buildings on this site; but very few inscriptions. Alabanda was
noted for the luxurious habits of the citizens. Under the Roman empire it was
the seat of a Conventus Juridicus or court house, and one of the most flourishing
towns of the province of Asia. A stone called lapis Alabandicus, found in the
neighbourhood, was fusible (Plin. xxxvi. 8. s. 13), and used for making glass,
and for glazing vessels.
Stephanus mentions two cities of the name of Alabanda in Caria,
but it does not appear that any other writer mentions two. Herodotus, however
(vii. 195), speaks of Alabanda in Caria (ton en tei Kariei), which is the Alabanda
of Strabo. The words of description added by Herodotus seem to imply that there
was another city of the name; and in fact he speaks, in another passage (viii.
136), of Alabanda, a large city of Phrygia. This Alabanda of Phrygia cannot
be the town on the Tshina, for Phrygia never extended so far as there.
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ΑΛΙΚΑΡΝΑΣΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Halikarnassos: Eth. Halikarnasseus, Halicarnassensis: Bodrun or Boudroum),
a Greek city on the coast of Asia Minor, on the Ceramian gulf. It was a colony
of Troezene in Argolis established on the slope of a precipitous rock, and one
of the six towns constituting the Doric hexapolis in Asia Minor, the five other
towns. being Cnidos, Cos, and the three Rhodian towns Ialysus, Lindus, and Camirus.
(Herod. vii. 99, iii. 14; Strab. xiv. pp. 653, 656; Paus. ii. 30. § 8; Ptol. v.
2. § 10; Pomp. Mel. i. 16; Plin. v. 29; Steph. B. s. v.) The isthmus on which
it was situated was called Zephyrium, whence the city at first bore the name of
Zephyria. Halicarnassus was the largest and strongest city in all. Caria (Diod.
Sic. xv. 90), and had two or even three very impregnable arces; the principal
one, called Salmacis, was situated on a precipitous rock at the northern extremity
of the city [p. 1027] (Arrian, Anab. i. 23; Vitruv. ii. 8; Diod. xvii. 23, foll.),
and received its name from the well Salmacis, which gushed forth near a temple
of Aphrodite at the foot of the rock, and the water of which was believed to exercise
an enervating influence (Ov. Met. iv. 302). But Strabo justly controverts this
belief, intimating that the sensual enjoyments and the delicious character of
the climate must rather be considered to have produced the effects ascribed to
the Salmacis. Another arx was formerly believed to have been in the island of
Arconnesus in front of the great harbour, which is now called Orak Ada; but this
belief was founded upon an incorrect reading in Arrian. (Strab. l. c.; Arrian,
Anab. i. 23; Hamilton, Researches, ii. p. 34.) Besides the great harbour, the
entrance to which was narrowed by piers on each side, there was a smaller one
to the southeast of it. Halicarnassus, as already remarked, originally belonged
to the Doric hexapolis; but in consequence of some dispute which had arisen, it
was excluded from the confederacy. (Herod. i. 144.) During the Persian conquests
it was, like all the other Greek towns, compelled to submit to Persia, but does
not appear to have been less prosperous, or to have lost its Greek character.
While the city was under the dominion of the Persians, Lygdamis set himself up
as tyrant, and his descendants, as vassals of the kings of Persia, gradually acquired
the dominion of all Caria. Artemisia, the widow of Lygdamis, fought at Salamis
in the fleet of Xerxes. The most celebrated among their successors are Mausolus
and his wife and sister Artemisia, who, on the death of Mausolus, erected in his
honour a sepulchral monument of such magnificence that it was regarded as one
of the seven wonders of the ancient world. This Carian dynasty, though subject
to Persia, had themselves adopted Greek manners and the Greek language, and had
a taste for the arts of Greece. But notwithstanding this, Halicarnassus was faithful
to Persia, and was one of the great strongholds of the Persians on that coast,
and a chief station of the Persian forces. This, and the gallant defence with
which the Halicarnassians defended themselves against Alexander, induced that
conqueror, after a protracted siege, to destroy the city by fire. He was, however,
unable to take the acropolis Salmacis, in which the inhabitants had taken refuge.
(Strab. and Arrian, l. c.; Died. Sic. xvii. 23, foll.; Curtius, ii. 9, foll.)
From this blow Halicarnassus never recovered, though the town was rebuilt. (Cic.
ad Quint. Frat. i. 1) In the time of Tiberius it no longer boasted of its greatness,
but of its safety and freedom from earth-quakes. (Tac. Ann. iv. 55.) Afterwards
the town is scarcely mentioned at all, although the Mausoleum continued to enjoy
its former renown. (Const. Porph. de Them. i. 14; see the descriptions of it in
Plin. xxxvi. 9, and Vitruv. ii. 8.) The course of the ancient walls can still
be distinctly traced, and remains of the Mausoleum, situated on the slope of the
rock east of Salmacis, and of the arx, as well as the spring Salmacis, still exist.
(Hamilton's Researches, ii. pp. 34, foil.) Among the numerous temples of Halicarnassus,
one of Aphrodite was particularly beautiful. (Diod.; Vitruv. l. c.) To us the
city is especially interesting as the birthplace of two historians, Herodotus
and Dionysius. Some interesting sculptures, brought from Boudroum, and supposed
to have originally decorated the Mausoleum, are now in the British Museum.
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ΑΛΙΝΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Alinda (Alinda: Eth. Alindeus), a city of Caria, which was surrendered
to Alexander by Ada, queen of Caria. It was one of the strongest places in Caria
(Arrian. Anab. i. 23; Strab. p. 657). Its position seems to be properly fixed
by Fellows (Discoveries in Lycia, p. 58) at Demmeergee-derasy, between Arab
Hissa and Karpuslee, on a steep rock. He found no inscriptions, but out of twenty
copper coins obtained here five had the epigraph Alinda.
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ΑΛΩΠΕΚΟΝΝΗΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Alopeconnesus (Alopekonnesos), a town on the western coast of the
Thracian Chersonesus. It was an Aeolian colony, and was believed to have derived
its name from the fact that the settlers were directed by an oracle to establish
the colony, where they should first meet a fox with its cub. (Steph. B. s.v.;
Scymnus, 29; Liv. xxxi. 16; Pomp. Mela, ii. 2.) In the time of the Macedonian
ascendancy, it was allied with, and under the protection of Athens. (Dem. de
Coron. p. 256, c. Aristocr. p. 675.)
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ΑΜΑΞΙΤΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Hamaxitus (Hamaxitos), a town on the southwestern coast of Troas,
50 stadia south of Larissa, and close to the plain of Halesion. It was probably
an Aeolian colony, but had ceased to exist as early as the time of Strabo. (Scyl.
p. 36; Thucyd. viii. 101; Xenoph. Hellen. iii. 1. § 13; Strab. x. p. 473, xiii.
pp. 604, 612, 613.) According to Aelian (Hist. An. xii. 5), its inhabitants worshipped
mice, and for this reason called Apollo, their chief divinity, Smintheus (from
the Aeolian smintha, a mouse). Strabo relates the occasion of this as follows:
When the Teucrians fled from Crete, the oracle of Apollo advised them to settle
on the spot where their enemies issued from the earth. One night a number of field-mice
destroyed all their shields, and, recognising in this occurrence the hint of the
oracle, they established themselves there, and called Apollo Smintheus, representing
him with a mouse at his feet. Daring the Macedonian period, the inhabitants were
compelled by Lysimachus to quit their town and remove to the neighbouring Alexandria.
(Comp. Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 33.) No ruins of this town have yet been discovered
(Leake, Asia Minor, p. 273); but Prokesch (Denkwurdigk. iii. p. 362) states that
architectural remains are still seen near Cape Baba, which he is inclined to regard
as belonging to Hamaxitus.
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ΑΜΑΣΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Amasia (Amaseia, Amasia: Eth. Amaseus: Amasia, Amasiah, or Amasiyah),
a town of Pontus, on the river Iris, or Yeshil Ermak. The origin of the city
is unknown. It was at one time the residence of the princes of Pontus, and after-wards
appears to have been a free city under the Romans till the time of Domitian.
It is said that all the coins to the time of Domitian have only the epigraph
Amaseia or Amasia, but that from this time they bear the effigy and the name
of a Roman emperor. The coins from the time of Trajan bear the title Metropolis,
and. it appears to have been the chief city of Pontus.
Amasia was the birthplace of the geographer Strabo, who describes
it in the following words: our city lies in a deep and extensive gorge, through
which the river Iris flows; and it is wonder-fully constructed both by art and
by nature, being adapted to serve the purpose both of a city and of a fort.
For there is a lofty rock, steep on all sides, and descending abruptly to the
river; this rock has its wall in one direction on the brink of the river, at
that part where the city is connected with it; and in the other direction, the
wall runs up the hill on each side to the heights; and the heights (kornphai)
are twos naturally connected with one as Ptolemy another, very strongly fortified
by towers; and within this enclosure are the palace and the tombs of the kings;
but the heights have a very narrow neck, the ascent to which is an altitude
of 5 or 6 stadia on each side as one goes up from the bank of the river and
the suburbs; and from the neck to the heights there remains another ascent of
a stadium, steep and capable of resisting any attack; the rock also contains
(echei, not ekei) within it water-cisterns (hudreia) which an enemy cannot get
possession of (anaphaireta, the true reading, not anapheretai), there being
two galleries cut, one leading to the river, and the other to the neck; there
are bridges over the river, one from the city to the suburb, and another from
the suburb to the neighbouring country, for at the point where this bridge is
the mountain terminates, which lies above the rock. This extract presents several
difficulties. Groskurd, in his German version, mistakes the sense of two passages
(ii. p. 499).
Amasia has been often visited by Europeans, but the best description
is by Hamilton (Researches in Asia Minor, &c. vol. i. p. 366), who gives a view
of the place. He explains the remark of Strabo about the 5 or 6 stadia to mean
the length of the road by which alone the summit can be reached, for owing to
the steepness of the Acropolis it is necessary to ascend by a circuitous route.
And this is clearly the meaning of Strabo, if we keep closely to his text. Hamilton
erroneously follows Cramer (Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 302) in giving the version,
the summits have on each side a very narrow neck of land; for the words on each
side refer to the ascent to the neck, as Groskurd correctly understands it.
Hamilton found two Hellenic towers of beautiful construction on the heights,
which he considers to be the koruphai of Strabo. But the greater part of the
walls now standing are Byzantine or Turkish. Indeed we learn from Procopius
(de Aedif. iii. 7), that Justinian repaired this place. Hamilton observes: the
kornphai were not, as I at first imagined, two distinct points connected by
a narrow intermediate ridge, but one only, from which two narrow ridges extend,
one to the north, and the other to the east, which last terminates abruptly
close to the river. But Strabo clearly means two koruphai and he adds that they
are naturally united (sumphueis). It is true that he does not say that the neck
unites them. This neck is evidently a narrow ridge of steep ascent along which
a. man must pass to reach the koruphai.
The hudreia were cisterns to which there was access by galleries
(suringes). Hamilton explored a passage, cut in the rock, down wa c h he descended
about 300 feet, and found a small pool of clear cold water. The wall round this
pool, which appeared to have been originally much deeper, was of Hellenic masonry,
which he also observed in some parts of the descent. This appears to be one
of the galleries mentioned by Strabo. The other gallery was cut to the neck,
says Strabo, but he does not say from where. We may conclude, however, that
it was cut from the koruphai to the ridge, and that the other was a continuation
which led down to the well. Hamilton says: there seem to have been two of these
covered passages or galleries at Amasia, one of which led from the koruphai
or summits in an easterly direction to the ridge, and the other from the ridge
into the rocky hill in a northerly direction. The former, however is not excavated
in the rock, like the latter, but is built of masonry above ground, yet equally
well concealed.
The tombs of the kings are below the citadel to the south, five
in number, three to the west, and two to the east. The steep face of the rock
has been artificially smoothed. Under the three smaller tombs are considerable
remains of the old Greek walls, and a square tower built in the best Hellenic
style. These walls can also be traced up the hill towards the west, and are
evidently those described by Strabo, as forming the peribolus or enclosure within
which were the royal tombs. The front wall of an old medresseh at Amasia is
built of ancient cornices, friezes, and architraves, and on three long stones
which form the sides and architrave of the entrance there are fragments of Greek
inscriptions deep cut in large letters. Hamilton does not mention a temple which
is spoken of by one traveller of little credit.
The territory of Amasia was well wooded, and adapted for breeding
horses and other animals; and the whole of it was well suited for the habitation
of man. A valley extends from the river, not very wide at first, but it afterwards
grows wider, and forms the plain which Strabo calls Chiliocomon, and this was
succeeded by the districts of Diacopene and Pimolisene, all of which is fertile
as far as the Halys. These were the northern parts of the territory, and extended
500 stadia in length. The southern portion was much larger, and extended to
Babonomon and Ximene, which district also reached to the Halys. Its width from
north to south reached to Zelitis and the Great Cappadocia as far as the Trocmi.
In Ximene rock salt was dug. Hamilton procured at Amasia a coin of Pimolisa,
a place from which the district Pimolisene took its name, in a beautiful state
of preservation. The modern town stands on both sides of the river; it has 3970
houses, all mean; it produces some silk. (London Geog. Jour. vol. x. p. 442.)
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ΑΜΒΛΑΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Amblada (Amblada: Eth. Ambladeus), a city of Pisidia, which Strabo
places near the boundaries of Phrygia and Caria. It produced wine that was used
for medicinal purposes. There are copper coins of Amblada of the period of the
Antonini and their successors, with the epigraph Ambladeon. The site is unknown.
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ΑΜΙΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Amida (Amida: Eth. Amidenos, Amidensis: Diyar-Bekr). The modern town
is on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed
of the ruins of ancient edifices. As the place is well adapted for a commercial
city, it is probable that Amida, which occupied the site of Diyar-Bekr, was a
town of considerable antiquity. It was enlarged and strengthened by Constantius,
in whose reign it was besieged and taken by the Persian king Sapor, A.D. 359.
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who took part in the defence of the town,
has given us a minute account of the siege. (Amm. Marc. xix. 1, seq.) It was taken
by the Persian king Cabades in the reign of Anastasius, A.D. 502 (Procop. B. Pers.
i. 7, seq.); but it soon passed again into the hands of the Romans, since we read
that Justinian repaired its walls and fortifications. (Procop. de Aedif. iii.
l.) Ammianus and Procopius consider it a city of Mesopotamia, but it may be more
properly viewed as belonging to Armenia Major.
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ΑΜΙΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Amisus (Amisos: Eth. Amisenos, Amisios, Amisenus: Eski Samsun),
a city of Pontus in Asia Minor, situated on the west side of the bay called
Amisenus, about 900 stadia from Sinope according to Strabo. The ruins of Amisus
are on a promontory about a mile and a half NNW. of the modern town. On the
east side of the promontory was the old port, part of which is now filled up.
The pier which defended the ancient harbour may still be traced for about 300
yards, but it is chiefly under water: it consists of very large blocks of stone.
On the summit of the hill where the acropolis stood there are many remains of
walls of rubble and mortar, and the ground is strewed with fragments of Roman
tiles and pottery. On the south end of the brow of the hill which overlooks
the harbour there are traces of the real Hellenic walls. (Hamilton, Researches
in Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 290.)
The origin of Amisus appears to be uncertain. Hecataeus (Strab.
p. 553) supposed it to be the Enete of Homer (Il. ii. 852). Theopompus, quoted
by Strabo, says that it was first founded by the Milesians; then settled by
a Cappadocian king; and thirdly, by Athenocles and some Athenians, who changed
its name to Peiraeeus. But Scymnus of Chios (Fr. v. 101) calls it a colony of
Phocaea, and of prior date to Heracleia, which was probably founded about B.C.
559. Raoul-Rochette concludes, but there seems no reason for his conclusion,
that this settlement by Phocaea was posterior to the Milesian settlement. (Histoire
des Colonies Grecques, vol. iii. p. 334.) However this may be, Amisus became
the most flourishing Greek settlement on the north coast of the Euxine after
Sinope. The time when the Athenian settlement was made is uncertain. Cramer
concludes that, because Amisus is not mentioned by Herodotus or Xenophon, the
date of the Athenian settlement is posterior to the time of the Anabasis; a
conclusion which is by no means necessary. Plutarch (Lucull. 19) says that it
was settled by the Athenians at the time of their greatest power, and when they
were masters of the sea. The place lost the name of Peiraeeus, and became a
rich trading town under the kings of Pontus. Mithridates Eupator made Amisus
his residence alternately with Sinope, and he added a part to the town, which
was called Eupatoria (Appian. Mithrid. 78), but it was separated from the rest
by a wall, and probably contained a different population from that of old Amisus.
This new quarter contained the residence of the king. The strength of the place
was proved by the resistance which it made to the Roman commander L. Lucullus
(B.C. 71) in the Mithridatic war. (Plut. Lucull. 15, &c.) The grammarian Tyrannio
was one of those who fell into the hands of Lucullus when the place was captured.
Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates, subsequently crossed over to
Amisus from Bosporus, and Amisus was again taken and cruelly dealt with. (Dion
Cass. xlii. 46.) The dictator Caesar defeated Pharnaces in a battle near Zeleia
(Appian. B.C. ii. 91), and restored the place to freedom. M. Antonius, says
Strabo, gave it to kings ; but it was again rescued from a tyrant Straton, and
made free, after the battle of Actium, by Augustus Caesar; and now, adds Strabo,
it is well ordered. Strabo does not state the name of the king to whom Antonius
gave Amisus. It has been assumed that it was Polemon I., who had the kingdom
of Pontus at least as early as B.C. 36. It does not appear who Straton was.
The fact of Amisus being a free city under the empire appears from the epigraph
on a coin of the city, and from a letter of the younger Pliny to Trajan, in
which he calls it libera et foederata, and speaks of it as having its own laws
by the favour of Trajan.
Amisus, in Strabo's time, possessed a good territory, which included
Themiscyra, the dwelling-place of the Amazons, and Sidene.
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ΑΜΥΖΟΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Amyzon (Amuzon), an inconsiderable town of Caria. (Strab. p. 658.)
The ruins of the citadel and walls exist on the east side of Mount Latmus, on
the road from Bafi to Tchisme. The place is identified by an inscription. (Leake,
Asia Minor, p. 238.)
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ΑΝΑΖΑΡΒΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Anazarbus (Anazarbos, Anazarba: Eth. Anazarbeus, Anazarbenus), a city
of Cilicia, so called, according to Stephanus, either from an adjacent mountain
of the same name, or from the founder, Anazarbus. It was situated on the Pyramus,
and 11 miles from Mopsuestia, according to the Peutinger Table. Suidas (s. v.
Kuinda) says that the original name of the place was Cyinda or Quinda; that it
was next called Diocaesarea; and (s. v. Anazarbos) that having been destroyed
by an earthquake, the emperor Nerva sent thither one Anazarbus, a man of senatorial
rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his own name. All this cannot be true,
as Valesius (Amm. Marc. xiv. 8) remarks, for it was called Anazarbus in Pliny's
time. Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides
is not certain.
Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum, and there are many medals
of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus.
On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of Cilicia Secunda, with
the title of Metropolis. It suffered dreadfully from an earth-quake both in
the time of Justinian, and, still more, in the reign of his successor Justin.
The site of Anazarbus, which is said to be named Anawasy or Amnasy,
is described (London Geoq. Journ. vol. vii. p. 421), but without any exact description
of its position, as containing ruins backed by an isolated mountain, bearing
a castle of various architecture. It seems not unlikely that this mountain may
be Cyinda, which, in the time of Alexander and his successors, was a deposit
for treasure. (Strab. p. 672; Diod. xviii. 62, xix. 56; Plut. Eumen. c. 13.)
Strabo, indeed, places Cyinda above Anchiale; but as he does not mention Anazarbus,
this is no great difficulty; and besides this, his geography of Cilicia is not
very exact. If Pococke's account of the Pyramus at Anawacsy being called Quinda
is true, this is some confirmation of the hill of Anazarbus being Quinda. It
seems probable enough that Quinda is an old name, which might be applied to
the hill fort, even after Anazarbus became a city of some importance. An old
traveller (Willebrand v. Oldenburg), quoted by Forbiger, found, at a place called
Naversa (manifestly a corruption of Anazarbus) or Anawasy, considerable remains
of an old town, at the distance of 8 German miles from Sis.
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ΑΝΑΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Annaea or Anaea (Annaia, Anhaia: Eth. Anaios, Anaites), is placed
by Stephanus (s. v. Anaia) in Caria, and opposite to Samos. Ephorus says that
it was so called from an Amazon Anaea, who was buried there. If Anaea was opposite
Samos, it must have been in Lydia, which did not extend south of the Maeander.
From the expressions of Thucydides (iii. 19, 32, iv. 75, viii. 19), it may have
been on or near the coast, and in or near the valley of the Maeander. Some Samian
exiles posted themselves here in the Peloponnesian war. The passage of Thucydides
(iv. 75) seems to make it a naval station, and one near enough to annoy Samos.
The conclusion, then, is, that it was a short distance north of the Maeander,
and on the coast; or if not on the coast, that it was near enough to have a station
for vessels at its command.
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ΑΝΔΕΙΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΡΩΑΣ
Andeira (Andeira: Eth. Andeiranos), as it is written in Pliny (v.
32), a town of the Troad, the site of which is uncertain. There was a temple of
the Mother of the Gods here, whence she had the name Andeirene. (Steph. B. s.
v. Andeira.) As to the stone found here (Strab. p. 610), which, when burnt, becomes
iron, and as to the rest of this passage, the reader may consult the note in Groskurd's
translation of Strabo (vol. ii. p. 590).
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ΑΝΕΜΟΥΡΙΟ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Anemurium (Anemourion: Cape Anamur), the most southern point of Asia
Minor, which terminates in a high bluff knob. Strabo places Anemurium at the nearest
point of Cilicia to Cyprus. He adds that the distance along the coast to Anemurium
from the borders of Pamphylia (that is, from Coracesium) is 820 stadia, and the
remainder of the coast distance to Soli is about 500 stadia. Beaufort (Karamania,
p. 201) suspects that the numbers in Strabo have been accidentally misplaced in
the Mss., for from Anemurium to Soli is nearly double the distance of the former
place from Coracesium. But the matter would not be set quite right merely by making
the numbers change places, as the true distances will show.
Strabo does not mention a city Anemurium, but it is mentioned by Pliny
(v. 27), by Ptolemy, and Scylax. Beaufort found there the indications of a considerable
ancient town. The modern castle, which is on one side of the high bluff knob,
is supplied with water by two aqueducts, which are channels cut in the rocks of
the hills, but where they cross ravines they are supported by arches. Within the
space enclosed by the fortified walls of the castle there are the remains of two
theatres. All the columns and the seats of the theatre have been carried away,
probably to Cyprus. There is also a large necropolis full of tombs, the walls
of which are still sound, though the tombs have been ransacked. It does not appear
to what period these remains belong, but the theatres and aqueduct are probably
of the Roman period. There are many medals of Anemurium of the time of the Roman
emperors.
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ΑΝΤΑΝΔΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Antandrus (Antandros: Eth. Antandrios: Antandro), a city on the coast
of Troas, near the head of the gulf of Adramyttium, on the N. side, and W. of
Adramyttium. According to Aristotle (Steph. B. s. v. Antandros), its original
name was Edonis, and it was inhabited by a Thracian tribe of Edoni, and he adds
or Cimmeris, from the Cimmerii inhabiting it 100 years. Pliny (v. 30) appears
to have copied Aristotle also. It seems, then, that there was a tradition about
the Cimmerii having seized the place in their incursion into Asia, of which tradition
Herodotus speaks (i. 6). Herodotus (vii. 42) gives to it the name Pelasgis. Again,
Alcaeus (Strab. p. 606) calls it a city of the Leleges. From these vague statements
we may conclude that it was a very old town; and its advantageous position at
the foot of Aspaneus, a mountain belonging to Ida, where timber was cut, made
it a desirable possession. Virgil makes Aeneas build his fleet here (Aen. iii.
5). The tradition as to its being settled from Andros (Mela, i. 18) seems merely
founded on a ridiculous attempt to explain the name. It was finally an Aeolian
settlement (Thuc. viii. 108), a fact which is historical.
Antandros was taken by the Persians (Herod. v. 26) shortly after the
Scythian expedition of Darius. In the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war it
was betrayed by some Mytilenaeans and others, exiles from Lesbos, being at that
time under the supremacy of Athens; but the Athenians soon recovered it. (Thuc.
iv. 52, 75.) The Persians got it again during the Peloponnesian war; but the townspeople,
fearing the treachery of Arsaces, who commanded the garrison there for Tissaphernes,
drove the Persians out of the acropolis, B.C. 411. (Thuc. viii. 108.) The Persians,
however, did not lose the place. (Xen. Hell. i. 1. 25)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Antiocheia or -ea (Antiocheia: Eth. Antiocheus, Antiocheios, Antiochensis:
Adj. Antiochikos, Antiochenus), the capital of the Greek kings of Syria, situated
in the angle where the southern coast of Asia Minor, running eastwards, and the
coast of Phoenicia, running northwards, are brought to an abrupt meeting, and
in the opening formed by the river Orontes between the ranges of Mount Taurus
and Mount Lebanon. Its position is nearly where the 36th parallel of latitude
intersects the 36th meridian of longitude, and it is about 20 miles distant from
the sea, about 40 W. of Aleppo, and about 20 S. of Scanderoon. It is now a subordinate
town in the pachalik of Aleppo, and its modern name is still Antakieh. It was
anciently distinguished as Antioch by the Orontes (A. epi Orontei), because it
was situated on the left bank of that river, where its course turns abruptly to
the west, after running northwards between the ranges of Lebanon and Antilebanon;
and also Antioch by Daphne (A epi Daphnei, Strab. xvi. pp. 749-751; Plut. Lucull.21;
hepros Daphnen, Hierocl. p. 711; A. Epidaphnes, Plin. v. 18. s. 21), because of
the celebrated grove of Daphne which was consecrated to Apollo in the immediate
neigh-bourhood.
The physical characteristics of this situation may be briefly described.
To the south, and rather to the west, the cone of Mount Casius (Jebel-el-Akrab;
see Col. Chesney, in the Journal of the Roy. Geog. Soc. vol. viii. p. 228) rises
symmetrically from the sea to the elevation of more than 5000 feet. To the north,
the heights of Mount Amanus are connected with the range of Taurus; and the Beilan
pass opens a communication with Cilicia and the rest of Asia Minor. In the interval
is the valley (aulon, Malala, p. 136), or rather the plain of Antioch (to ton
Antiocheon peion, Strab. l. c.), which is a level space about 5 miles in breadth
between the mountains, and about 10 miles in length. Through this plain the river
Orontes sweeps from a northerly to a westerly course, receiving, at the bend,
a tributary from a lake which was about a mile distant from the ancient city (Gul.
Tyr. iv. 10), and emptying itself into the bay of Antioch near the base of Mount
Casius. The windings (from the city to the mouth) give a distance of about 41
miles, whilst the journey by land is only 16 1/2 miles. (Chesney, l. c. p. 230.)
Where the river passes by the city, its breadth is said by the traveller Niebuhr
to be 125 feet; but great changes have taken place in its bed. An important part
of ancient Antioch stood upon an island; but whether the channel which insulated
that section of the city was artificial, or changes have been produced by earthquakes
or more gradual causes, there is now no island of appreciable magnitude, nor does
there appear to have been any in the time of the Crusades. The distance between
the bend of the river and the mountain on the south is from one to two miles;
and the city stood partly on the level, and partly where the ground rises in abrupt
and precipitous forms, towards Mount Casius. The heights with which we are concerned
are the two summits of Mount Silpius (Mal. passim; and Suid. s. v. Io.), the easternmost
of which fell in a more gradual slope to the plain, so as to admit of the cultivation
of vineyards, while the other was higher and more abrupt. Between them was a deep
ravine, down which a mischievous torrent ran in winter (Phyrminus or Parmenius,
tou rhuakos tou legomenou phurminou, Mal. p. 346; Parmeniou cheimarrhou, pp. 233,
339; cf. Procop. de Aedif. ii. 10). Along the crags on these heights broken masses
of ancient walls are still conspicuous, while the modern habitations are on the
level near the river. The appearance of the ground has doubtless been much altered
by earthquakes, which have been in all ages the scourge of Antioch. Yet a very
good notion may be obtained, from the descriptions of modern travellers, of the
aspect of the ancient city. The advantages of its position are very evident. By
its harbour of Seleuceia it was in communication with all the trade of the Mediterranean;
and, through the open country behind Lebanon, it was conveniently approached by
the caravans from Mesopotamia and Arabia. To these advantages of mere position
must be added the facilities afforded by its river, which brought down timber
and vegetable produce and fish from the lake (Liban. Antioch. pp. 360, 361), and
was navigable below the city to the mouth, and is believed to be capable of being
made navigable again. (Roy. Geog. Soc. vol. viii. p. 230; cf. Strab. l. c.; Paus.
viii. 29. § 3.) The fertility of the neighbourhood is evident now in its unassisted
vegetation. The Orontes has been compared to the Wye. It does not, like many Eastern
rivers, vary between a winter-torrent and a dry watercourse; and its deep and
rapid waters are described as winding round the bases of high and precipitous
cliffs, or by richly cultivated banks, where the vine and the fig-tree, the myrtle,
the bay, the ilex, and the arbutus are mingled with dwarf oak and sycamore. For
descriptions of the scenery, with views, the reader may consult Camne's Syria
(i. 5, 19, 77, ii. 28.). We can well understand the charming residence which the
Seleucid princes and the wealthy Romans found in beautiful Antioch (A. he kale,
Athen. i. p. 20; Orientis apex pulcher, Amm. Marc. xxii. 9), with its climate
tempered with the west wind (Liban. p. 346; cf. Herodian. vi. 6), and where the
salubrious waters were so abundant, that not only the public baths, but, as in
modern Damascus, almost every house, had its fountain.
Antioch, however, with all these advantages of situation, is not,
like Damascus, one of the oldest cities of the world. It is a mere imagination
to identify it (as is done by Jerome and some Jewish commentators) with the Riblah
of the Old Testament. Antioch, like Alexandreia, is a monument of the Macedonian
age, and was the most famous of sixteen Asiatic cities built by Seleucus Nicator,
and called after the name of his father or (as some say) of his son Antiochus.
The situation was evidently well chosen, for communicating both with his possessions
on the Mediterranean and those in Mesopotamia, with which Antioch was connected
by a road leading to Zeugma on the Euphrates. This was not the first city founded
by a Macedonian prince near this place. Antigonus, in B.C. 307, founded Antigonia,
a short distance further up the river, for the purpose of commanding both Egypt
and Babylonia. (Diod. xx. p.758.) But after the battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301, the
city of Antigonus was left unfinished, and Antioch was founded by his successful
rival. The sanction of auguries was sought for the establishment of the new metropolis.
Like Romulus on the Palatine, Seleucus is said to have watched the flight of birds
from the summit of Mount Casius. An eagle carried a fragment of the flesh of the
sacrifice to a point on the sea-shore, a little to the north of the mouth of the
Orontes; and there Seleuceia was built. Soon after, an eagle decided in the same
manner that the metropolis of Seleucus was not to be Antigonia, by carrying the
flesh to the hill Silpius. Between this hill and the river the city of Antioch
was founded in the spring of the year 300 B.C., the 12th of the era of the Seleuidae.
This legend is often represented on coins of Antioch by an eagle, which sometimes
carries the thigh of a victim. On many coins (as that engraved below) we see a
ram, which is often combined with a star, thus indicating the vernal sign of the
zodiac, under which the city was founded, and reminding us at the same time of
the astrological propensities of the people of Antioch. (See Eckhel, Descriptio
Numorum Antiochiae Syriae, Vienna, 1786 ; Vaillant, Seleucidarum Imperium, sive
Historia Regum Syriae, ad fidem numismatum accommodate. Paris, 1681.)
The city of Seleucus was built in the plain (En tei pediadi tou aulonos,
Mal. p. 200) between the river and the hill, and at some distance from the latter,
to avoid the danger to be apprehended from the torrents. Xenaeus was the architect
who raised the walls, which skirted the river on the north, and did not reach
so far as the base of the hill on the south. This was only the earliest part of
the city. Three other parts were subsequently added, each surrounded by its own
wall: so that Antioch became, as Strabo says, a Tetrapolis. The first inhabitants
(as indeed a great part of the materials) were brought from Antigonia. Besides
these, the natives of the surrounding district were received in the new city;
and Seleucus raised the Jews to the same political privileges with the Greeks.
(Joseph. Antiq. xii. 31, c. Ap. ii. 4.) Thus a second city was formed contiguous
to the first. It is probable that the Jews had a separate quarter, as at Alexandreia.
The citizens were divided into 18 tribes, distributed locally. There was an assembly
of the people (demos, Liban. p. 321), which used to meet in the theatre, even
in the time of Vespasian and Titus. (Tac. Hist. ii. 80; Joseph. B. J. vii. 5.
§ 2, 3. § 3.) At a later period we read of a senate of two hundred. (Jul. Misopog.
p. 367.) The character of the inhabitants of Antioch may be easily described.
The climate made them effeminate and luxurious. A high Greek civilisation was
mixed with various Oriental elements, and especially with the superstitions of
Chaldaean astrology, to which Chrysostom complains that even the Christians of
his day were addicted. The love of frivolous amusements became a passion in the
contests of the Hippodrome. On these occasions, and on many others, the violent
feelings of the people broke out into open factions, and caused even bloodshed.
Another fault should be mentioned as a marked characteristic of Antioch. Her citizens
were singularly addicted to ridicule and scurrilous wit, and the invention of
nicknames. Julian, who was himself a sufferer from this cause, said that Antioch
contained more buffoons than citizens. Apollonius of Tyana was treated in the
same way; and the Antiochians provoked their own destruction by ridiculing the
Persians in the invasion of Chosroes. (Procop. B. P. ii. 8.) To the same cause
must be referred the origin of the name Christian, which first came into existence
in this city. (Acts, xi. 26; Life, &c. of St. Paul, vol. i. p. 130. See page 146.)
There is no doubt that the city built by Seleucus was on a regular
and magnificent plan; but we possess no details. Some temples and other buildings
were due to his son Antiochus Soter. Seleucus Callinicus built the New City (ten
nean, Liban. pp. 309, 356; ten kainen, Evag. Hist. Eccl. ii. 12) on the island,
according to Strabo, though Libanius assigns it to Antiochus the Great, who brought
settlers from Greece during his war with the Romans (about 190 B.C.). To this
writer, and to Evagrius, who describes what it suffered in the earthquake under
Leo the Great, we owe a particular account of this part of the city. It was on
an island (see below) which was joined to the old city by five bridges. Hence
Polybius (v. 69) and Pliny (v. 21. s. 18) rightly speak of the Orontes as flowing
through Antioch. The arrangement of the streets was simple and symmetrical. At
their intersection was a fourfold arch (Tetrapylum). The magnificent Palace was
on the north side, close upon the river, and commanded a prospect of the suburbs
and the open country. Passing by Seleucus Philopator, of whose public works nothing
is known, we come to the eighth of the Seleucidae, Antiochus Epiphanes. He was
notoriously fond of building; and, by adding a fourth city to Antioch, he completed
the Tetrapolis. (Strab. l. c.) The city of Epiphanes was between the old wall
and Mount Silpius; and the new wall enclosed the citadel with many of the cliffs.
(Procop. de Aedif. l. c.) This monarch erected a senate-house (Bouleuterion and
a temple for the worship of Jupiter Capitolinus, which is described by Livy as
magnificent with gold (Liv. xli. 20); but his great work was a vast street with
double colonnades, which ran from east to west for four miles through the whole
length of the city, and was perfectly level, though the ground originally was
rugged and uneven. Other streets crossed it at right angles, to the river on one
side, and the groves and gardens of the hill on the other. At the intersection
of the principal street was the Omphalus, with a statue of Apollo; and where this
street touched the river was the Nymphaevm (Numphaion, Evag. Hist. Eccl. l. c.;
Trinuphon, Mal. p. 244). The position of the Omphalus is shown to have been opposite
the ravine Parmenius, by some allusions in the reign of Tiberius. No great change
appears to have been made in the city during the interval between Epiphanes and
Tigranes. When Tigranes was compelled to evacuate Syria, Antioch was restored
by Lucullqs to Antiochus Philopator (Asiaticus), who was a mere puppet of the
Romans. He built, near Mount Silpius, a Museum, like that in Alexandreia; and
to this period belongs the literary eminence of Antioch, which is alluded to by
Cicero in his speech for Archias. (Cic. pro Arch. 3, 4.)
At the beginning of the Roman period, it is probable that Antioch
covered the full extent of ground which it occupied till the time of Justinian.
In magnitude it was not much inferior to Paris (C. O. Muller, Antiq. Antioch.;
see below), and the number and splendour of the public buildings were very great;
for the Seleucid kings and queens (Mal. p. 312) had vied with each other in embellishing
their metropolis. But it received still further embellishment from a long series
of Roman emperors. In B.C. 64, when Syria was reduced to a province, Pompey gave
to Antioch the privilege of autonomy. The same privilege was renewed by Julius
Caesar in a public edict (B.C. 47), and it was retained till Antoninus Pius made
it a colonia.
The era of Pharsalia was introduced at Antioch in honour of Caesar,
who erected many public works there: among others, a theatre under the rocks of
Silpius (to hupo toi orei theatron) and an amphitheatre, besides an aqueduct and
baths, and a basilica called Caesarium Augustus showed the same favour to the
people of Antioch, and was similarly flattered by them, and the era of Actium
was introduced into their system of chronology. In this reign Agrippa built a
suburb, and Herod the Great contributed a road and a colonnade. (Joseph. Ant.
xvi. 5. § 3, B. J. i. 21. § 11.) The most memorable event of the reign of Tiberius,
connected with Antioch, was the death of Germanicus. A long catalogue of works
erected by successive emperors might be given; but it is enough to refer to the
Chronographia of Malala, which seems to be based on official documents1 and which
may be easily consulted by means of the Index in the Bonn edition. We need only
instance the baths of Caligula, Trajan, and Hadrian, the paving of the great street
with Egyptian granite by Antoninus Pius, the Xystus or public walk built by Commodus,
and the palace built by Diocletian, who also established there public stores and
manufactures of arms. At Antioch two of the most striking calamities of the period
were the earthquake of Trajan's reign, during which the emperor, who was then
at Antioch, took refuge in the Circus: and the capture of the city by the Persians
under Sapor in 260 A.D. On this occasion the citizens were intently occupied in
the theatre, when the enemy surprised them from the rocks above. (Amm. Marc. xxiii.
5.)
The interval between Constantine and Justinian may be regarded as
the Byzantine period of the history of Antioch. After the founding of Constantinople
it ceased to be the principal city of the East. At the same time it it began to
be prominent as a Christian city, ranking as a Patriarchal see with Constantinople
and Alexandreia. With the former of these cities it was connected by the great
road through Asia Minor, and with the latter, by the coast road through Caesarea.
(See Wesseling, Ant. Itin. p. 147; Itin. Hieros. p. 581.) Ten councils were held
at Antioch between the years 252 and 380; and it became distinguished by a new
style of building, in connection with Christian worship. One church especially,
begun by Constantine, and finished by his son, demands our notice. It was the
same church which Julian closed and Jovian restored to Christian use, and the
same in which Chrysostom preached. He describes it as richly ornamented with Mosaic
and statues. The roof was domical (sphairoeides), and of great height; and in
its octagonal plan it was similar to the church of St. Vitalis at Ravenna. (See
Euseb. Vit. Const. iii. 50.) From the prevalence of early churches of this form
in the East, we must suppose either that this edifice set the example, or that
this mode of church-building was already in use. Among other buildings, Antioch
owed to Constantine a basilica, a praetorium, for the residence of the Count of
the East, built of the materials of the ancient Museum, and a xenon or hospice
near the great church for the reception of travellers. Constantius spent much
time at Antioch, so that the place received the temporary name of Constantia.
His great works were at the harbour of Seleuceia, and the traces of them still
remain. Julian took much pains to ingratiate himself with the people of Antioch.
His disappointment is expressed in the Misopogon. Valens undertook great improvements
at the time of his peace with the Persians, and opposite the ravine Parmenius
he built a sumptuous forum, which was paved with marble, and decorated with Illyrian
columns. Theodosius was compelled to adopt stringent measures against the citizens,
in consequence of the sedition and the breaking of the statues (A.D. 387, 388),
and Antioch was deprived of the rank of a metropolis. We are now brought to the
time of Libanius, from whom we have so often quoted, and of Chrysostom, whose
sermons contain so many incidental notices of his native city. Chrysostom gives
the population at 200,000, of which 100,000 were Christians. In these numbers
it is doubtful whether we are to include the children and the slaves. (See Gibbon,
ch.xv. and Milman's note, vol. ii. p. 363.) For the detailed description of the
public and private buildings of the city, we must refer the reader to Libanius.
The increase of the suburb towards Daphne at this period induced Theodosius to
build a new wall on this side. Passing over the reigns of Theodosius the Younger,
who added new decorations to the city, and of Leo the Great, in whose time it
was desolated by an earthquake, we come to, a period which was made disastrous
by quarrels in the Hippodrome, massacres of the Jews, internal factions and war
from without. After an earthquake in the reign of Justin, A.D. 526, the city was
restored by Ephrem, who was Count of the East, and afterwards Patriarch. The reign
of Justinian is one of the most important eras in the history of Antioch. It was
rising under him into fresh splendour, when it was again injured by an earthquake,
and soon afterwards (A.D. 538) utterly desolated by the invasion of the Persians
under Chosroes. The ruin of the city was complete. The citizens could scarcely
find the sites of their own houses. Thus an entirely new city (which received
the new name of Theupolis) rose under Justinian. In dimensions it was considerably
less than the former, the wall retiring from the river on the east, and touching
it only at one point, and also including a smaller portion of the cliffs of Mount
Silpius. This wall evidently corresponds with the notices of the fortifications
in the times of the crusaders, if we make allowance for the inflated language
of Procopius, who is our authority for the public works of Justinian.
The history of Antioch during the medieval period was one of varied
fortunes, but, on the whole, of gradual decay. It was first lost to the Roman
empire in the time of Heraclius (A.D. 635 and taken, with the whole of Syria,
by the Saracens in the first burst of their military enthfuIsiasm. It was recovered
in the 10th century under Nicephorus Phocas, by a surprise similar to that by
which the Persians became masters of it; and its strength, population, and magnificence
are celebrated by a writer of the period (Leo Diac. p. 73), though its appearance
had doubtless undergone considerable changes during four centuries of Mahomedan
occupation. It remained subject to the emperor of Constantinople till the time
of the first Comneni, when it was taken by the Seljuks,, (A.D. 1084). Fourteen
years later (A.D. 1098) it was besieged by the Latins in the first Crusade. Godfrey
pitched his camp by the ditch which had been dug under Justinian, and Tancred
erected a fort near the western wall. The city was taken on the 3d of June, 1098.
Boemond I., the son of Robert Guiscard, became prince of Antioch; and its history
was again Christian for nearly two centuries, till the time of Boemond VI., when
it fell under the power of the Sultan of Egypt and his Mamelukes (A.D. 1268).
From this time its declension seems to have been rapid and continuous: whereas,
under the Franks, it appears to have been still a strong and splendid city. So
it is described by Phocas (Acta Sanct. Mai. vol. v. p. 299), and by William of
Tyre, who is the great Latin authority for its history during this period. (See
especially iv. 9-14, v. 23, vi. 1, 15; and compare xvi. 26, 27.) It is unnecessary
for our purpose to describe the various fortunes of the families through which
the Frankish principality of Antioch was transmitted from the first to the seventh
Boemond. A full account of them, and of the coins by which they are illustrated,
will be found in De Saulcy, Numismatique des Croisades, pp. 1-27.
We may consider the modern history of Antioch as coincident with that
of European travellers in the Levant. Beginning with De la Brocquiere, in the
15th century, we find the city already sunk into a state of insignificance. He
says that it contained only 300 houses, inhabited by a few Turks and Arabs. The
modern Anstakieh is a poor town, situated in the north-western quarter of the
ancient city, by the river, which is crossed by a substantial bridge. No accurate
statement can be given of its population. One traveller states it at 4000, another
at 10,000. In the census taken by Ibrahim Pasha in 1835, when he thought of making
it again the capital of Syria, it was said to be 5600. The Christians have no
church. The town occupies only a small portion (some say 1/3, some 1/5 some 1/1)
of the ancient enclosure; and a wide space of unoccupied ground intervenes between
it and the eastern or Aleppo gate (called, after St. Paul, Bab-Boulous), near
which are the remains of ancient pavement.
The walls (doubtless those of Justinian) may be traced through a circuit
of four miles. They are built partly of stone, and partly of Roman tiles, and
were flanked by strong towers; and till the earthquake of 1822 some of them presented
a magnificent appearance on the cliffs of Mount Silpius. The height of the wall
differs in different places, and travellers are not agreed on the dimensions assigned
to them.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ ΕΠΙ ΚΡΑΓΩ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Antiocheia ad Cragum Antiocheia epi Krago, Ptol. v. 8, § 2). Strabo
mentions a rock Cragus on the coast of Cilicia, between the river Selinus and
the fort and harbour of Charadrus. Appian (Mithrid. c. 96) mentions both Cragus
and Anticragus in Cilicia as very strong forts; but there may be some error here.
Beaufort (Karamania, p. 193) conjectures that the site may be between Selinty
and Karadran (the Charadrus of Strabo): he observed several columns there whose
shafts were single blocks of polished red granite. A square cliff, the top of
which projects into the sea, has been fortified. There is also a flight of steps
cut in the rock leading from the landing place to the gates.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΜΑΙΑΝΔΡΩ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Antiocheia ad Maeandrum (A. pros Maiandro), a small city on the Maeander,
in Caria, in the part adjacent to Phrygia. There was a bridge there. The city
had a large and fertile territory on both sides of the river, which was noted
for its figs. The tract was subject to earthquakes. (Strab. p. 630.) Pliny (v.
29) says that the town was surrounded by the Orsinus,--or Mosynus, as some read
the name,--by which he seems to mean that it is in the angle formed by the junction
of this small river with the Maeander. Hamilton (Researches, &c., vol. i. p. 529)
fixes the position between 4 and 5 miles SE. of Kuyuja, and near the mouth of
the rich valley of the Kara Su, which it commands, as well as the road to Ghera,
the ancient Aphrodisias. The remains are not considerable. They consist of the
massive walls of the Acropolis, and an inner castle in a rude and barbarous style,
without any traces of Hellenic character; but there is a stadium built in the
same style, and this seems to show the antiquity of both. East of the acropolis
there are many remains of arches, vaults, and substructions of buildings. There
is also the site of a small theatre. (Comp. Fellows, Discoveries in Lycia, p.
27.)
Pliny says that Antiocheia is where the towns Seminethos (if the reading
is right) and Cranaos were. Cranaos is an appropriate name for the site of Antiocheia.
Stephanus (s. v. Antiocheia) says that the original name of the place was Pythopolis,
and that Antiochus son of Seleucus built a town here, which he named Antiocheia,
after his mother Antiochis. The consul Cn. Manlius encamped at Antiocheia (B.C.
189) on his march against the Galatae (Liv. xxxviii. 13). This city was the birthplace
of Diotrephes, a distinguished sophist, whose pupil Hybreas was the greatest rhetorician
of Strabo's time. There are numerous medals of this town of the imperial period.
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ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ ΠΡΟΣ ΠΙΣΙΔΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Antiocheia Pisidiae (A. heprostei Pisidiai, A. tes Pisidias, Act.
Apost. xiii. 14), was situated on the S. side of the mountain boundary between
Phrygia and Pisidia. Strabo places Philomelium on the north side of this range
and close to it, and Antiocheia on the south. Akshehr corresponds to Philomelium
and Yalobatch to Antiocheia. The distance from Yalobatch to Akcshehr is six hours
over the mountains, Akshehr being exactly opposite. (Hamilton, Researches, &c.,
vol. i. p. 472; Arundell, Discoveries, &c., vol. i. p. 281.) Strabo describes
Philomelium as being in a plain, and Antiocheia on a small eminence; and this
description exactly suits Akcshehr and Yalobatch.
Arundell first described the remains of Antiocheia, which are numerous.
He mentions a large building constructed of prodigious stones, of which the groundplan
and the circular end for the bema were remaining. He supposes this to have been
a church. There are the ruins of a wall; and twenty perfect arches of an aqueduct,
the stones of which are without cement, and of the same large dimensions as those
in the wall. There are also the remains of a temple of Dionysus, and of a small
theatre. Another construction is cut in the rock in a semicircular form, in the
centre of which a mass of rock has been left, which is hollowed out into a square
chamber. Masses of highly finished marble cornices, with several broken fluted
columns, are spread about the hollow. This place may have been the adytum of a
temple, as the remains of a portico are seen in front; and it has been conjectured
that if the edifice was a temple, it may be that of Men Arcaeus, who was worshipped
at Antioch. The temple had slaves. Hamilton copied several inscriptions, all Latin
except one. The site of this city is now clearly determined by the verification
of the description of Strabo, and this fact is a valuable addition to our knowledge
of the geography of Asia Minor.
Antiocheia is said to have been founded by a colony from Magnesia,
on the Maeander. The Romans, says Strabo, released it from the kings, at the time
when they gave the rest of Asia, within Taurus, to Eumenes. The kings are the
Syrian kings. After Antiochus III. was defeated by the Romans at Magnesia, B.C.
190, they enlarged the dominions of Eumenes II. king of Pergamus, and Antioch
was included in the grant. It afterwards came into the possession of the Romans,
and was made a colony, with the title of Caesarea (Plin. v. 4), a name which was
given it apparently early in the imperial period. Hamilton found an inscription
with the words Antiocheae Caesare, the rest being effaced; and there is the same
evidence on coins. The name of the god Men or Mensis also appears on coins of
Antioch.
The most memorable event in the history of Antioch is the visit of
Paul and Barnabas. The place then contained a large number of Jews. The preaching
of Paul produced a great effect upon the Greeks, but the Jews raised a persecution
against the Apostles, and expelled them from the town. They, however, paid it
a second visit (Acts, xiv. 21), and confirmed the disciples.
Antioch was the capital of the Roman province Pisidia, and had the
Jus Italicum. (Paulus, Dig. 50. tit. 15. s. 8.)
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ΑΝΤΙΦΕΛΛΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Antiphellus (Antiphellos: Eth. Antiphellites and Antiphelleites: Antephelo
or Andoiflo), a town of Lycia, on the south coast, at the head of a bay. An inscription
copied by Fellows at this place, contains the ethnic name Antiphelleitou (Discoveries
in Lycia, p. 186). The little theatre of Antiphellus is complete, with the exception
of the proscenium. Fellows gives a page of drawings of specimens of ends of sarcophagi,
pediments, and doors of tombs. Strabo incorrectly places Antiphellus among the
inland towns. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 13) gives the name of Vathy to the bay at
the head of which Antiphellus stands, and he was the discoverer of this ancient
site. There is a ground-plan of Antiphelius in Spratt's Lycia. There are coins
of Antiphellus of the imperial period, with the epigraph Antiphelleiton. Nothing
is known of the history of this place.
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ΑΠΑΜΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Apameia (Medania, Mutania). In Bithynia, was originally called Murleia
(Steph. B. s. v. Apameia), and was a colony from Colophon. (Plin. v. 32.) Philip
of Macedonia, the father of Perseus, took the town, as it appears, during the
war which he carried on against the king of Pergamus, and he gave the place to
Prusias, his ally, king of Bithynia. Prusias gave to Myrlea, which thus became
a Bithynian town, the name of his wife Apameia. The place was on the S. coast
of the Gulf of Cius, and NW. of Prusa. The Romans made Apameia a, colony, apparently
not earlier than the time of Augustus, or perhaps Julius Caesar; the epigraph
on the coins of the Roman period contains the title Julia. The coins of the period
before the Roman dominion have the epigraph Apameon Murleanon. Pliny (Ep. x. 56),
when governor of Bithynia, asked for the directions of Trajan, as to a claim made
by this colonia, not to have their accounts of receipts and expenditure examined
by the Roman governor. From a passage of Ulpian (Dig. 50. tit. 15. s. 11) we learn
the form Apamena: est in Bithynia colonia Apamena.
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ΑΠΕΡΛΑΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aperlae (Aperlai: Eth. Aperleites), a place in Lycia, fixed by the
Stadiasmus 60 stadia west of Somena, and 64 stadia west of Andriace. Leake (Asia
Minor, p. 188) supposes Somena to be the Simena of Pliny (v. 27). Aperlae, which
is written in the text of Ptolemy Aperrae, and in Pliny Apyrae, is proved to be
a genuine name by an inscription found by Cockerell, at the head of Hassar bay,
with the Ethnic name Aperleiton on it. But there are also coins of Gordian with
the Ethnic name Aperraiton. The confusion between the l and the r in the name
of an insignificant place is nothing remarkable.
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ΑΡΑΞΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΛΥΚΙΑ
Araxa (Araxa: Eth. Araxeus), a city of Lycia, according to Alexander
Polyhistor, in the second book of his Lysiaca. (Steph. s. v. Araxa.) Ptolemy places
it near Sidyma. A rare coin, with the epigraph Lukion Apa., is attributed to this
place by Sestini.
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ΑΡΙΑΣΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Ariassus (Ariassos), a city of Pisidia, which may be, as Cramer suggests
(Asia Min vol. ii. p. 299), the same city which Strabo, following Artemidorus,
mentions as one of the cities of Pisidia. There are coins of Ariassus of the time
of Sept. Severus.
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ΑΡΙΣΒΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Arisba (Arisbe: Eth. Arisbaios), a town of Mysia, mentioned by Homer
(Il. ii. 837), in the same line with Sextus and Abydus. It was (Steph. B. s. v.
Arisbe) between Percote and Abydos, a colony of Mytilene, founded by Scamandrius
and Ascanius, son of Aeneas; and on the river Seilleis, supposed to be the Moussa-chai;
the village of Moussa may represent Arisba. The army of Alexander mustered here
after crossing the Hellespont. (Arrian. Anab. i. 12.) When the wandering Galli
passed over into Asia, on the invitation of Attalus, they occupied Arisba, but
were soon defeated (B.C. 216) by King Prusias. (Pol. v. 111) In Strabo's time
the place was almost forgotten. There are coins of Arisbe of Trajan's time, and
also autonomous coins.
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ΑΡΠΑΓΙΟΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΜΥΣΙΑ
Harpageia (ta Harpageia), a district between Priapus and Cyzicus,
about the mouth of the river Granicus in Mysia, whence Ganymede is said to have
been carried off. (Strab. xiii. p. 587.) Thucydides (viii. 107) also mentions
a town Harpagion, which is otherwise unknown. (Comp. Steph. B. s. v. Harpagia.)
ΑΡΠΑΣΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Harpasa (Harpasa: Eth. Harpaseus), a town in Caria, on the eastern
bank of the river Harpasus, a tributary of the Maeander. (Ptol. v. 2. § 19; Steph.
B. s. v.; Plin. v. 29; Hierocl. p. 688.) The ruins found opposite to Nasli, at
a place called Arpas Kalessi, undoubtedly belong to Harpasa. (Fellowes, Discov.
in Lyc. p. 51; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 249; Richter, Wallfahrten, p. 540.) Pliny
mentions a wonderful rock in its neighbourhood, which moved on being pressed with
a finger, but did not yield to the pressure of the whole body.
ΑΡΣΑΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΛΥΚΙΑ
Arsada or Arsadus, a town of Lycia, not mentioned, so far as appears,
by any ancient writer. The modern site appears to be Arsa, a small village overlooking
the valley of the Xanthus. (Spratt's Lycia, vol. i. p. 293.) There are rock tombs,
on two of which Lycian inscriptions were observed. There are several Greek inscriptions;
in two of them mention is made of the name of the place. One inscription is given
in Spratt's Lycia (vol. ii. p. 291), from which it appears that the ancient name
was not Arsa, as it is assumed in the work referred to, but Arsadus, or Arsada
(like Arycanda), as the Ethnic name, which occurs twice in the inscription, shows
(Arsadeon ho demos, and Arsadea, in the accusative singular.) The real name is
not certain, because the name of a place cannot always be deduced with certainty
from the Ethnic name. The inscription is on a sarcophagus, and records that the
Demus honoured a certain person with a gold crown and a bronze statue for certain
services to the community. The inscription shows that there was a temple of Apollo
at this place.
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ΑΡΤΑΚΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Artace (Artake: Eth. Artakenos, Artakios, Artakeus: Artaki or Erdek),
a town of Mysia, near Cyzicus (Herod. iv. 14), and a Milesian colony. (Strab.
pp. 582, 635.) It was a sea-port, and on the same peninsula on which Cyzicus stood,
and about 40 stadia from it. Artace was burnt, together with Proconnesus, during
the Ionian revolt, in the reign of Darius I. (Herod. vi. 33.) Probably it was
not rebuilt, for Strabo does not mention it among the Mysian towns: but he speaks
of a wooded mountain Artace, with an island of the same name near to it, the same
which Pliny (v. 32) calls Artacaeum. Timosthenes, quoted by Stephanus (s. v. Artake),
also gives the name Artace to a mountain, and to a small island, one stadium from
the land. In the time of Procopius, Artace had been rebuilt, and was a suburb
of Cyzicus. (Bell. Pers. i. 25.) It is now a poor place. (Hamilton, Researches,
vol. ii. p. 97.)
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ΑΡΤΕΜΙΣΙΟ (Αρχαίο ιερό) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Artemisium (Artemision). The name of the northern coast and of a promontory
of Euboea, immediately opposite the Thessalian Magnesia, so called from the temple
of Artemis Proseoa, belonging to the town of Histiaea. It was off this coast that
the Grecian fleet fought with the fleet of Xerxes, B.C. 480. (Herod. vii. 175,
viii. 8; Plut. Them. 7; Diod. xi. 12.)
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ΑΡΥΚΑΝΔΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Arycanda (Arukanda: Eth. Arukandeus), a city in Lycia (Steph. s. v.
Arukanda; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. Od. 7), on the river Arycandus, a branch of the
Limyrus (Plin. v. 27, 29). Its site has been ascertained by Fellows (Lycia, p.
221), who found near the river Arycandus, and 35 miles from the sea, the ruins
of Arycanda, which are identified by a Greek inscription. There are the remains
of a theatre, tombs, and some fine specimens of doorways. There are coins of Arycanda.
Fellows found one among the ruins, with the name of the city on it and the head
of the Emperor Gordian. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 187) speaks of a stream which joins
the set, close to the mouth of the Limyrus, as probably the Arycandus of Pliny.
In the map of Fellows, only the name Arycandus appears, and no Limyrus; but the
Limyrus is clearly laid down in the map in Spratt's Lycia as a small stream flowing
from Limyra, and joining near its mouth the larger river Orta Tchy, the Arycandus.
Compare the account of Arycanda in Fellows and in Spratt's Lycia (vol. i. p. 153).
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ΑΣTΑΚΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Astacus (Astakos: Eth. Astakenos, Astakios), a city of Bithynia, on
the gulf of Astacus, and a colony from Megara and Athens. (Strab. p. 563.) Memnon
(Phot. Bibl. 224) says that the first colonists came from Megara, in the beginning
of the seventeenth Olympiad, and those from Athens came afterwards. Mela (i. 19)
calls it a colony of Megara. It appears that this city was also called Olbia;
for Scylax, who mentions the gulf of Olbia and Olbia, does not mention Astacus;
and Strabo, who names Astacus, does not mention Olbia. The mythical story of Astacus
being founded by Astacus, a son of Poseidon and the nymph Olbia, favours the supposition
of the identity of Astacus and Olbia. (Steph. s. v. Astakos.) Astacus was seized
by Doedalsus, the first king of Bithynia. In the war between Zipoetes, one of
his successors, and Lysimachus, the place was destroyed or damaged. Nicomedes
II., the son of Zipoetes, transferred the inhabitants to his city of Nicomedia
(Ismid), B.C. 264. Astacus appears to have been near the head of the gulf of Astacus,
and it is placed by some geographers at a spot called Ovaschik, and also Bashkele.
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ΑΣΠΕΝΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aspendos: Eth. Aspendios. A city of Pamphylia, on the Eurymedon, 60
stadia from the mouth of the river, and an Argeian colony (Strab. p. 667). It
is mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 81, 87, 108) as a port, or at least a place
up to which ships might ascend. The town was situated on highly ground; on a mountain,
as Pliny (v. 27) calls it; or a very lofty hill, which commands a view of the
sea. (Mela, i. 14.) The site must be easily determined by an examination of the
lower part of the Eurymedon. From an extract in Spratt's Lycia (vol. ii. p. 32)
it may be collected that the name is still Aspendus; it is described as 6 or 8
miles from the sea, and a lofty city. One argument that is urged to prove the
identity is, that a great marsh near it is still called Capru, a name identical
with that of the ancient marsh or lake Capria. Strabo mentions the lake Capria,
and then the Eurymedon; and he may mean that the lake or marsh is near the river.
The brief extract as to Aspendus in Spratt is rather obscure. Pliny (xxxi. 7)
mentions a lake at Aspendus, where salt was produced by evaporation. In the neighbourhood
the olive was much cultivated.
Thasybulus lost his life at Aspendus; being surprised in his tent
by the Aspendians, on whom he had levied contributions. (Xen. Hell. iv. 8; Diod.
xiv. 99.) Alexander, in his Asiatic expedition, visited Aspendus, and the place
surrendered upon preparation being made by the king to besiege it. (Arrian, Anab.
i. 26.) It was a populous place after Alexander's time, for it raised on one occasion
4000 hoplites. (Polyb. v. 73.) The consul Cn. Manlius, when moving forward to
invade Galatia, came near Termessus, and made a show of entering Pamphylia, which
brought him a sum of money from the Aspendii and other Pamphylians. (Liv. xxxviii.
15; Polyb. xxii. 18.)
The old medals of Aspendus have the epigraph ES. EST. ESTPh. ESTPHEDNGS.,
but those of more recent date have the common form AS. ASPENDION. (Cramer, Asia
Minor, vol. ii. p. 282.)
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ΑΣΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Assus (Assos: Eth. Assius and Asseus: Asso), a city of Mysia, on the
gulf of Adramyttium, between Cape Lectum and Antandros. It was situated in a strong
natural position, was well walled, and connected with the sea by a long, steep
ascent. (Strab. p. 610.) The harbour was formed by a great mole. Myrsilus stated
that Assus was a settlement of the Methymnaei. Hellanicus calls it an Aeolic city,
and adds that Gargara was founded by Assus. Pliny (v. 32) gives to Assus also
the name Apollonia, which it is conjectured that it had from Apollonia, the mother
of Attalus, king of Pergamus. That Assus was still a place visited by shipping
in the first century of the Christian aera, appears from the travels of St. Paul.
(Acts, xx. 13.)
The neighbourhood of Assus was noted for its wheat. (Strab. p. 735.)
The Lapis Assius was a stone that had the property of consuming flesh, and hence
was called sarcophagus: this stone was accordingly used to inter bodies in, or
was pounded and thrown upon them. (Steph. B. s. v. Assos; Plin. ii. 96.)
Hermeias, who had made himself tyrant of Assus, brought Aristotle
to reside there some time. When Hermeias fell into the hands of Memnon the Rhodian,
who was in the Persian service, Assus was taken by the Persians. It was the birthplace
of Cleanthes, who succeeded Zeno of Citium in his school, and transmitted it to
Chrysippus.
The remains of Assus, which are very considerable, have often been
described. The name Asso appears to exist, but the village where the remains are
found is called Beriam Kalesi, or other like names. From the acropolis there is
a view of Mytilene. The wall is complete on the west side, and in some places
is thirty feet high: the stones are well laid, without cement. There is a theatre,
the remains of temples, and a large mass of ruins of great variety of character.
Outside of the wall is the cemetery, with many tombs, and sarcophagi, some of
which are ten or twelve feet long. Leake observes, the whole gives perhaps the
most perfect idea of a Greek city that any where exists. (Asia Minor, p. 128;
see also Fellows's Asia Minor, p. 46.)
Autonomous coins of Assus, with the epigraph ASSION, are rare. The
coins of the Roman imperial period are common.
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ΑΣΤΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Astyra (Astura, Asturon: Eth. Asturenos), a small town of Mysia, in
the plain of Thebes, between Antandros and Adramyttium. It had a temple of Artemis,
of which the Antandrii had the superintendence. (Strab. p. 613.) Artemis had hence
the name of Astyrene or Astirene. (Xen. Hell. iv. 1. 41) There was a lake Sapra
near Astyra, which communicated with the sea. Pausanias, from his own observations
(iv. 35. § 10), describes a spring of black water at Astyra; the water was hot.
But he places Astyra in Atarneus. There was, then, either a place in Atarneus
called Astyra, with warm springs, or Pausanias has made some mistake; for there
is no doubt about the position of the Astyra of Strabo and Mela (i. 19). Astyra
was a deserted place, according to Pliny's authorities. He calls it Astyre. There
are said to be coins of Astyra.
Strabo mentions an Astyra above Abydus in Troas, once an independent
city, but in Strabo's time it was a ruined place, and belonged to the inhabitants
of Abydus. There were once gold mines there, but they were nearly exhausted in
Strabo's time.
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ΑΤΑΡΝΕΥΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Atarneus or Atarna (Atarneus, Atarna: Eth. Atarneus, Atarneites),
a city of Mysia, opposite to Lesbos, and a strong place. It was on the road from
Adramyttium to the plain of the Caicus. (Xen. Anab. vii. 8. 8) Atarneus seems
to be the genuine original name, though Atarna, or Atarnea, and Aterne (Pliny)
may have prevailed afterwards. Stephanus, who only gives the name Atarna, consistently
makes the ethnic name Atarneus. Herodotus (i. 160) tells a story of the city and
its territory, both of which were named Atarneus, being given to the Chians by
Cyrus, for their having surrendered to him Pactyes the Lydian. Stephanus (s. v.
Apaisos) and other ancient authorities consider Atarneus to be the Tarne of Homer
(Il. v. 44); but perhaps incorrectly. The territory was a good corn country. Histiaeus
the Milesian was defeated by the Persians at Malene in the Atarneitis, and taken
prisoner. (Herod. vi. 28, 29.) The place was occupied at a later time by some
exiles from Chios, who from this strong position sallied out and plundered Ionia.
(Diod. xiii. 65; Xen. Hell. iii. 2. 11) This town was once the residence of Hermeias
the tyrant, the friend of Aristotle. Pausanias (vii. 2. § 11) says that the same
calamity betel the Atarneitae which drove the Myusii from their city [Myus]; but
as the position, of the two cities was not similar, it is not quite clear what
he means. They left the place, however, if his statement is true; and Pliny (v.
30), in his time, mentions Atarneus as no longer a city. Pausanias (iv. 35. §
10) speaks of hot springs at Astyra, opposite to Lesbos, in the Atarneus. [Astyra]
The site of Atarneus is generally fixed at Dikeli-Koi. There are autonomous
coins of Atarneus, with the epigraph ATA. and ATAP.
There was a place near Pitane called Atarneus. (Strab. p. 614.)
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ΑΤΤΑΛΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Attaleia or Attalia (Attaleia, Attalia: Eth. Attaleus). A city of
Pamphylia. After mentioning Phaselis in Lycia, Strabo mentions Olbia as the first
town in Pamphylia, then the river Catarrhactes, and then Attalia, a city founded
by Attalus II. Philadelphus, king of Pergamum. Accordingly he places the Catarrhactes
west of Attalia. Ptolemy mentions Phaselis, Olbia, and Attaleia, and then the
Catarrhactes. Pliny mentions Olbia, but not Attalia (v. 27), though he mentions
the Catarrhactes. The modern town of Adalia, now the largest place on the south
coast of Asia Minor, corresponds in name to Attalia; but it is west of the Catarrhactes,
now the Duden Su. Strabo describes the Catarrhactes as falling from a high rock,
and the noise of the cataract was heard to a distance. It is generally assumed
that Strabo means that it falls over a rock into the sea; but he does not say
so, though this may be his meaning. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 135) observes, that
on the west side of the town there are only two small rivers, both of which glide
quietly into the sea through the sandy beach, and can by no means answer the description
of the Catarrhactes. But there are many small rivulets which turn the mills near
Adalia, and rush directly over the cliff into the sea; and if these rivulets were
united, they would form a large body of water. (Beaufort.) The water of these
streams is full of calcareous particles, and near some of the mouths stalactites
were observed. It is very probable, then, that the lower course of this river
may have undergone great changes since Strabo's time, and these changes are still
going on. D'Anville considered Adalia to represent Olbia, and Attalia to be further
east at a place called Laara, and he has been followed by others in identifying
Adalia and Olbia; but this erroneous opinion is founded entirely on the order
of the names in Strabo, who is contradicted in this matter by Ptolemy and the
Stadiasmus. Spratt and his associates visited Adalia. The houses and walls contain
many fragments of sculpture and columns: the cemeteries which are outside of the
city also contain marble fragments and columns. The style of all the remains,
it is said, is invariably Roman. Fourteen inscriptions were found, but not one
of them contains the name of the place. As Adalia is now the chief port of the
south coast of Asia Minor, it is probable that it was so in former times; and
it is an excellent site for a city. Paul and Barnabas after leaving Perga went
to Attalia, and thence sailed to Antioch. (Acts, xiv. 25.) The church of Attalia
was afterwards an episcopal see. There are imperial coins of Attalia, with the
epigraph Attaleon.
Leake, who fixes Attalia at Adalia, supposed that Olbia might be found
in the plain which extends from Adalia to the foot of Solyma; and it ought to
be found here, according to Strabo's authority. About 3 1/2 miles west of Adalia,
near the coast, there are the remains of an ancient city, on an elevated flat
with three precipitous sides, one side of which is bounded by the Arab Su. This
agrees with Strabo's description of Olbia as a great fort. The country between
these ruins and Adalia is a rocky tract, incapable of cultivation, but the country
west of them to the mountains of Solyma, is very fertile. This, as it is well
observed in Spratt's Lycia (vol. i. p. 217), will explain Stephanus (s. v. Olbia),
who finds fault with Philo for saying that Olbia belongs to Pamphylia: he adds,
it is not in Pamphylia, but in the land of the Solymi; and his remark is conformable
to the physical character of the country. He says, also, that the true name is
Olba. Mannert's conjecture of Olbia and Attalia being the same place, cannot be
admitted. Strabo, in an obscure passage, speaks of Corycus and Attalia together.
Leake (Asia Minor, p. 192) interprets Strabo, by comparing with his text Stephanus
(s. v. Attaleia) and Suidas (s. v. Korukaios), to mean that Attalus fixed Attalia
near a small town called Corycus, and that he inclosed Corycus and the new settlement
within the same walls. This does not appear to be exactly Strabo's meaning; but
Corycus was at least near Attalia, and received a colony and was fortified when
Attalia was built.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΦΡΟΔΙΣΙΑΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΙΤΣΕΛ
Aphrodisias (Aphrodisias: Eth. Aphrodisieus, Aphrodisiensis). An ancient
town of Caria, situated at Ghera or Geyra, south of Antiocheia on the Maeander,
as is proved by inscriptions which have been copied by several travellers. Drawings
of the remains of Aphrodisias have been made by the order of the Dilettanti Society.
There are the remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite, the goddess from whom the
place took the name of Aphrodisias; fifteen of the white marble columns are still
standing. A Greek inscription on a tablet records the donation of one of the columns
to Aphrodite and the demus. Fellows (Lycia, p. 32) has described the remains of
Aphrodisias, and given a view of the temple. The route of Fellows was from Antiocheia
on the Maeander up the valley of the Mosynus, which appears to be the ancient
name of the stream that joins the Maeander at Antiocheia; and Aphrodisias lies
to the east of the head of the valley in which the Mosynus rises, and at a considerable
elevation.
Stephanus (s. v. Megalopolis), says that it was first a city of the
Leleges, and, on account of its magnitude, was called Megalopolis; and it was
also called Ninoe, from Ninus (see also s. v. Ninoe),--a confused bit of history,
and useful for nothing except to show that it was probably a city of old foundation.
Strabo assigns it to the division of Phrygia; but in Pliny (v. 29) it is a Carian
city, and a free city (Aphrodisienses liberi) in the Roman sense of that period.
In the time of Tiberius, when there was an inquiry about the right of asyla, which
was claimed and exercised by many Greek cities, the Aphrodisienses relied on a
decree of the dictator Caesar for their services to his party, and on a recent
decree of Augustus. (Tac. Ann. iii. 62.) Sherard, in 1705 or 1716, copied an inscription
at Aphrodisias, which he communicated to Chishull, who published it in his Antiquitates
Asiaticae. This Greek inscription is a Consultum of the Roman senate, which confirms
the privileges granted by the Dictator and the Triumviri to the Aphrodisienses.
The Consultum is also printed in Oberlin‘s Tacituss, and elsewhere. This Consultum
gives freedom to the demus of the Plaraseis and the Aphrodisieis. It also declares
the temenos of the goddess Aphrodite in the city of the Plaraseis and the Aphrodisieis
to have the same rights as the temple of the Ephesia at Ephesus; and the temenos
was declared to be an asylum. Plarasa then, also a city of Caria, and Aphrodisias
were in some kind of alliance and intimate relation. There are coins of Plarasa;
and coins with a legend of both names are also not very uncommon. (Leake)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΦΡΟΔΙΣΙΑΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΪΔΙΝ
Aphrodisias (Aphrodisias: Eth. Aphrodisieus, Aphrodisiensis). An ancient
town of Caria, situated at Ghera or Geyra, south of Antiocheia on the Maeander,
as is proved by inscriptions which have been copied by several travellers. Drawings
of the remains of Aphrodisias have been made by the order of the Dilettanti Society.
There are the remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite, the goddess from whom the
place took the name of Aphrodisias; fifteen of the white marble columns are still
standing. A Greek inscription on a tablet records the donation of one of the columns
to Aphrodite and the demus. Fellows (Lycia, p. 32) has described the remains of
Aphrodisias, and given a view of the temple. The route of Fellows was from Antiocheia
on the Maeander up the valley of the Mosynus, which appears to be the ancient
name of the stream that joins the Maeander at Antiocheia; and Aphrodisias lies
to the east of the head of the valley in which the Mosynus rises, and at a considerable
elevation.
Stephanus (s. v. Megalopolis), says that it was first a city of the
Leleges, and, on account of its magnitude, was called Megalopolis; and it was
also called Ninoe, from Ninus (see also s. v. Ninoe),--a confused bit of history,
and useful for nothing except to show that it was probably a city of old foundation.
Strabo assigns it to the division of Phrygia; but in Pliny (v. 29) it is a Carian
city, and a free city (Aphrodisienses liberi) in the Roman sense of that period.
In the time of Tiberius, when there was an inquiry about the right of asyla, which
was claimed and exercised by many Greek cities, the Aphrodisienses relied on a
decree of the dictator Caesar for their services to his party, and on a recent
decree of Augustus. (Tac. Ann. iii. 62.) Sherard, in 1705 or 1716, copied an inscription
at Aphrodisias, which he communicated to Chishull, who published it in his Antiquitates
Asiaticae. This Greek inscription is a Consultum of the Roman senate, which confirms
the privileges granted by the Dictator and the Triumviri to the Aphrodisienses.
The Consultum is also printed in Oberlin‘s Tacituss, and elsewhere. This Consultum
gives freedom to the demus of the Plaraseis and the Aphrodisieis. It also declares
the temenos of the goddess Aphrodite in the city of the Plaraseis and the Aphrodisieis
to have the same rights as the temple of the Ephesia at Ephesus; and the temenos
was declared to be an asylum. Plarasa then, also a city of Caria, and Aphrodisias
were in some kind of alliance and intimate relation. There are coins of Plarasa;
and coins with a legend of both names are also not very uncommon. (Leake.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΧΙΛΛΕΙΟΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Achilleum (Achilleion), a small town near the promontory Sigeum in the Troad (Herod. v. 94), where, according to tradition, the tomb of Achilles was. (Strab. p. 594.) When Alexander visited the place on his Asiatic expedition, B.C. 334, he placed chaplets on the tomb of Achilles. (Arrian, i. 12.)
ΒΑΛΒΟΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΛΥΚΙΑ
Balbura (Balboura: Eth. Balboureus), a Lycian town, the site of which
is fixed (Spratt's Lycia, vol. i. p. 267) at Katara on both sides of the Katara
Soo, the most northern branch of the Xanthus. The acropolis hill is about 300
feet above the plain of Katara, and the plain is 4500 feet above the level of
the sea. The ruins occupy a considerable space on both sides of the stream. There
are two theatres at Balbura; one is on the south side of the acropolis hill, and
the other is in a hollow in the front of the mountain on the south side of the
stream: the hollow in the mountain formed the cavea. There are also remains of
several temples at Katara; and of Christian churches. The Ethnic name Balboureus
occurs on two inscriptions at least at Katara. The site was discovered by Hoskyn
and Forbes.
The name Balbura is a neuter plural. (Steph s. v. Balboura.) There
was a district Cabalia (Plin. v. 27), named Cabalis by Strabo , which contained
Balbura and two other cities, Bubon and Oenoanda. (Hoskyn and Leake, in London
Geog. Jour. vol xii. p. 143; Spratt's Lycia.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΒΑΡΓΑΣΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Bargasa (Bargasa: Eth. Bargasenos), a city of Caria. The Ethnic name
is given by Stephanus on the authority of Apollonius in his Carica. There are
also coins of Bargasa with the epigraph Bargasenon. It is mentioned by Strabo
(p. 656), who, after speaking of Cnidus, says, then Ceramus and Bargasa, small
places above the sea. The next place that he mentions is Halicarnassus. Bargasa
is therefore between Cnidus and Halicarnassus. Leake places Bargasa in his map,
by conjecture, at the head of the gulf of Cos, at a place which he marks Djovata;
this seems to be the Giva of Cramer. Neither of them states the authority for
this position.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΒΑΡΓΥΛΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Bargylia (ta Bargulia: Eth. Barguliates: and Bargyletes, Cic. ad Farm.
xiii. 56), a city of Caria (Steph. s. v.), which the Carians name Andanus, calling
it a foundation of Achilles; and it is near Iasus and Myndus. Mela (i. 16), who
calls it Bargylos, also places it on the bay of lasus; and the bay of lasus was
also called Bargylieticus. (Liv. xxxvii. 17; Polyb. xvi. 12.) Chandler, who was
in these parts, could not find Bargylia. Leake conjectures that it may be on the
bay between Pasha Limane and Asyn Kalesi. There was at Bargylia a statue of Artemis
Cindyas under the bare sky, probably in a temple, about which statue the incredible
story was told, that neither rain nor snow ever fell on it. (Polyb. xvi. 12; comp.
the corrupt passage in Strabo, p. 658, and Groskurd's note, vol. iii. p. 54.)
Philip III. of Macedonia had a garrison in Bargylia, which the Romans required
him to withdraw as one of the terms of peace (Liv. xxxiii. 30; Polyb. xvii. 2,
xviii. 31); and the Bargyliatae were declared free.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
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