Listed 12 sub titles with search on: Information about the place for wider area of: "CHERONIA Municipality VIOTIA" .
CHERONIA (Ancient city) VIOTIA
Eth. Chaironeus, fem. Chaironis: Adj. Chaironikos: Kapurna. A town
of Boeotia, situated near the Cephissus, upon the borders of Phocis. The town
itself does not appear to have been of much importance; but it has obtained great
celebrity in consequence of the battles which were fought in its neighbourhood.
Its position naturally rendered it the scene of military operations, since it
stood in a small plain, which commanded the entrance from Phocis into Boeotia,
and which accordingly would be occupied by an army desirous of protecting Boeotia
from an invading force. Chaeroneia was situated at the head of the plain, shut
in by a high projecting rock, which formed, in ancient times, the citadel of the
town, and was called Petrachus or Petrochus (Petrachos, Paus. ix. 41. § 6 ; Petrochos,
Plut. Sull. 17). The town lay at the foot of the hill, and is said to have derived
its name from Chaeron, who, according to the statement of Plutarch, built it towards
the east, whereas it had previously faced the west. (Paus. ix. 40. § 5; Steph.
B. s. v.; Plut. de Curiosit. 1.)
Chaeroneia is not mentioned by Homer; but by some of the ancient writers
it was supposed to be the same town as the Boeotian Arne. (Hom. Il. ii. 507.)
In the historical period it was dependent upon Orchomenus (Thuc. iv. 67). It is
first mentioned in B.C. 447, when an important battle was fought near the town,
in consequence of which the Athenians lost the supremacy which they had exercised
for a short period in Boeotia. Chaeroneia had previously been in the hands of
the party favourable to the Athenians; but having been seized by the opposite
party, Tolmides, at the head of a small Athenian force, marched against it. He
succeeded in taking the town, but was shortly afterwards defeated by the Boeotians
in the neighbourhood, and fell in the battle. (Thuc. i. 113; Diod. xii. 6.) In
B.C. 424 a plot was formed to betray the town to the Athenians, but the project
was betrayed, and the place was occupied by a strong Boeotian force. (Thuc. iv.
76, 89.) In the Phocian war Chaeroneia was unsuccessfully besieged by Onomarchus,
the Phocian leader, but it was afterwards taken by his son Phalaecus. (Diod. xvi.
33, 39.)
Another and much more celebrated battle was fought at Chaeroneia on
the 7th of August, B.C. 338, in which Philip, by defeating the united forces of
the Athenians and Boeotians, crushed the liberties of Greece. Of the details of
this battle we have no account, but an interesting memorial of it still remains.
We learn from Pausanias (ix. 40. § 10) and Strabo (ix. p. 414) that the sepulchre
of the Thebans who fell in the battle, was near Chaeroneia; and the former writer
states that this sepulchre was surmounted by a lion, as an emblem of the spirit
of the Thebans. The site of the monument is marked by a tumulus about a mile,
or a little more, from the khan of Kapurna, on the right side of the road towards
Orchomenus; but when the spot was visited by Leake, Dodwell and Gell, the lion
had completely disappeared. A few years ago, however, the mound of earth was excavated,
and a colossal lion discovered, deeply imbedded in its interior. This noble piece
of sculpture, though now strewed in detached masses about the sides and interior
of the excavation, may still be said to exist nearly in its original integrity.
It is evident, from the appearance of the fragments, that it was composed from
the first of more than one block, although not certainly of so many as its remains
now exhibit... This lion may, upon the whole, be pronounced the most interesting
sepulchral monument in Greece. It is the only one dating from the better days
of Hellas--with the exception perhaps of the tumulus of Marathon--the identity
of which is beyond dispute.
The third great battle fought at Chaeroneia was the one in which Sulla
defeated the generals of Mithridates in B.C. 86. Of this engagement a long account
is given by Plutarch, probably taken almost verbatim from the commentaries of
Sulla. (Plut. Sull. 17, seq,) The narrative of Plutarch is illustrated by Col.
Leake with his usual accuracy and sagacity. Mount Thurium, called in the time
of Plutarch, Orthophagium, the summit of which was seized by Sulla, is supposed
by Leake to be the highest point of the hills behind Chaeroneia; and the torrent
Morius, below Mount Thurium, is probably the rivulet which joins the left bank
of the Cephissus, and which separates Mt. Hedylium from Mt. Acontium. Chaeroneia
continued to exist under the Roman empire, and is memorable at that period as
the birthplace of Plutarch, who spent the later years of his life in his native
town. In the time of Pausanias Chaeroneia was noted for the manufacture of perfumed
oils, extracted from flowers, which were used as a remedy against pain. (Paus.
ix. 41. § 6.)
Chaeroneia stood upon the site of the modern village of Kapurna. There
are not many remains of the ancient city upon the plain; but there are some ruins
of the citadel upon the projecting rock already described; and on the face of
this rock, fronting the plain, are traces of the ancient theatre. In the church
of the Panaghia, in the village, are several remains of ancient art, and inscriptions.
From the latter we learn that Serapis was worshipped in the town. Pausanias does
not mention the temple of this deity; but he states that the principal object
of veneration in his time was the sceptre of Zeus, once borne by Agamemnon, and
which was considered to be the undoubted work of the god Hephaestus. At the foot
of the theatre there rises a small torrent, which flows into the Cephissus. It
was called in ancient times Haemon or Thermodon, and its water was dyed by the
blood of the Thebans and Boeotians in their memorable defeat by Philip. (Plut.
Dem. 19)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited May 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
PANOPEFS (Ancient city) CHERONIA
Phanoteus, Panope, Panopeai, Phanoteia, Phanotea, Eth. Panopeus, Phanoteus.
An ancient town of Phocis, near the frontier of Boeotia, and on the road from
Daulis to Chaeroneia. Pausanias says that Panopeus was 20 stadia from Chaeroneia,
and 7 from Daulis (ix. 4. § § 1, 7); but the latter number is obviously a mistake.
The ruins at the village of Aio Vlasi (hagios Blasis), which are clearly those
of Panopeus, are distant about 20 stadia from Kepurna (Chaeroneia), but as much
as 27 stadia from Dhavlia (Daulis). Panopens was a very ancient town, originally
inhabited by the Phlegyae. Schliedius, the king of Panopeus, and his brother,
were the leaders of the Phocians in the Trojan War. (Paus. x. 4. § 1.) Panopeus
was also celebrated for the grave of Tityus, who was slain by Apollo at this place.
because he attempted to offer violence to Leto on her way to Delphi. (Hom. Od.
x. 576; Paus. x. 4. § 5.) Panopeus was destroyed by Xerxes (Herod. viii. 34),
and again by Philip at the close of the Sacred War. (Paus. x. 3. § 1.) It was
taken by the Romans in is. c. 198, on the first attack (Liv. xxxii. 18; Polyb.
v. 96); and was destroyed for the third time in the campaign between Sulla and
Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. (Plut. Sull. 16.) Pausanias says that the
ancient city was 7 stadia in circuit ; but in his time the place consisted of
only a few huts, situated on the side of a torrent. There are still considerable
remains of the ancient walls upon the rocky heights, above Aio Vlasi. The masonry
is of different periods, as one might have expected from the twofold destruction
of the city. There are no longer any remains of the tomb of Tityus, which, according
to Pausanias, was the third of a stadium in circumference, and stood on the side
of the torrent. Pausanias also mentions on the side of the Sacred Way a building
of unbaked bricks, containing a statue of Pentelic marble, which was supposed
to be intended either for Asclepius or Prometheus. It was believed by some that
Prometheus made the human race out of the sandy-coloured rocks ill the neighbourhood,
and that they still smelt like human flesh. (Dodwell, Classical Tour, vol. i.
p. 207; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 109; Ulrichs, Reisen, &c. p. 151.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
PARAPOTAMII (Ancient city) CHERONIA
Parapotamioi, Parapotamia, Eth. Parapotamios. A town of Phocis on
the left bank of the Cephissus (whence its name), and near the frontier of Boeotia.
Its position is described in a passage of Theopompus, preserved by Strabo, who
says that it stood at a distance of 40 stadia from Chaeroneia, in the entrance
from Boeotia into Phocis, on a height of moderate elevation, situated between
Parnassus and Mount Hedylium; he adds that these two mountains were separated
from each other by an interval of 5 stadia, through which the Cephissus flowed.
(Strab. ix. p. 424.) Parapotamii was destroyed by Xerxes (Herod. viii. 33), and
again a second time by Philip at the conclusion of the Sacred War. (Pans. x. 3.
§ 1.) It was never rebuilt. Plutarch in his life of Sulla (c. 16) speaks of the
acropolis of the deserted city, which he describes as a stony height surrounded
with a precipice and separated from Mt. Hedylium only by the river Assus. (Leake,
Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 97, 195.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
CHERONIA (Ancient city) VIOTIA
A town in Boeotia, on the Cephissus, near the frontier of Phocis,
memorable for the defeat of the Athenians and the Boeotians by Philip of Macedon,
which crushed the liberties of Greece, B.C. 338, and for Sulla's victory over
the army of Mithridates, B.C. 86. Chaeronea was the birthplace of Plutarch. Several
remains of the ancient city are to be seen at Capraena, more particularly a theatre
excavated in the rock, an aqueduct, and the marble lion (broken in pieces) which
adorned the sepulchre of the Boeotians who fell at the battle of Chaeronea.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
PANOPEFS (Ancient city) CHERONIA
Panopeus), Panopeae (Panopeai), or Panope (Panope). An ancient town in Phocis on the Cephissus and near the frontiers of Boeotia, twenty stadia west of Chaeronea, said to have been founded by Panopeus, son of Phocus ( Herod.viii. 34).
PARAPOTAMII (Ancient city) CHERONIA
(Parapotamioi). A town of Phocis, on the left bank of the river Cephissus. It was destroyed by Xerxes in the Persian War, but later rebuilt, only to be again destroyed in the Sacred War
PARAPOTAMII (Ancient city) CHERONIA
Parapotamioi appears in Pausanias' list of the Phokian League, but
the city had never recovered from its destruction by the Amphiktyons in the Phokian
war. Parapotamion men de oute ereipia eti en, oute entha tes choras oikisthe he
polis mnemoneuousin (10. 33. 8). The more careful modern periegetai have improved
upon this. The site has been identified in the narrow strait, between Mounts Philoboiotos
and Hadyleion, through which the Kephisos passes from the plain of Elateia to
the plain of Chaironeia (Leake ii. 97, Bursian i. 164, Frazer v. 418). The order
in which Hdt. names Hyampolis, Parapotamioi and Abai is not geographical in either
direction. Abai is probably placed last, because there is a note to add to the
name. [p. 404] Hyampolis and Parapotamioi are then in the order in which they
would have been visited by a force coming from Opus.
CHERONIA (Ancient city) VIOTIA
Situated at the NW entrance to the region in the narrow Kephissos
plain lying between Mt. Thourion and Mt. Akontion, at the modern village of Chaironeia
(formerly Kapraina).
The gateway to Boiotia, Chaironeia had a Neolithic settlement but
apparently none in the Mycenaean age. Whether it is the Amne of Homer is doubtful.
Chaironeia was subject to Orchomenos up to the end of the 5th c. B.C., then with
Akmaiphia and Kopai formed one of the 11 Boiotian districts until 387 and again,
after a period of autonomy, from 371 to 338 B.C. It then enjoyed independence
in the Boiotian Koinon and was granted the status of a civitas libera by the Romans.
Three famous battles were fought in the Chaironeian plain: in 338 Philip II's
Macedonians carried off a decisive victory over the Athenians, the Boiotians,
and their allies; in 245 the army of the Aitolian League fought that of the Boiotian
League; and in 86 B.C. Sulla and his 20,000 Romans crushed Mithnidates' forces,
over 100,000 strong, commanded by Archelaos.
The city of Chaironeia, of which there are only insignificant remains,
lies at the foot of Mt. Petrachos, on top of which is the acropolis. Plutarch
(ca. 46-120) was born and died here. In the Church of the Panagia can be seen
a marble Roman seat, the so-called seat of Plutarch, and many inscribed stones
in the walls. At the foot of the N summit of Mt. Petrachos is a little theater
completely cut in the rock; its 14 tiers are arranged in two unequal blocks. Above
the last tier is a dedication to Apollo Daphnaphonios and Artemis Soodina. The
Chapel of Hagia Paraskevi is built on the site of a Temple of Herakles on the
slopes of Mt. Thourion. The sanctuary of Sarapis, where many slaves were freed
from the 3d to 1st c. B.C., has not been traced.
The acropolis occupies both summits of Mt. Petrachos and dominates
the Kephissos valley from a height of 150 m. Around it is a 4th c. rampart, well
preserved and >built in regular courses except on the W slope where the >old wall
has been preserved and strengthened with cyclopean masonry. To the E a ramp cut
in the rock led to the only gate. Several towers fortified the rampart. The field
where the battle of 338 took place is 2 km E of the village, between Mt. Thourion
and the Kephissos, along the banks of the Haimon brook. The victorious Spartans
burned their dead close by the Kephissos. Excavation of a tumulus at this spot
revealed a pyre, 10 m in diameter and 0.75 m high, with bones and fragments of
weapons in the ashes; it was covered over by a conical mound of earth 70 m in
diameter and 7 m high. The bodies of the Sacred Band of Thebans that was crushed
by Alexander were buried several days after the battle. From ancient times the
Lion of Chaironeia was believed to be their funeral monument. Discovered in 1818,
then smashed, restored, and replaced on a plinth 3 m high, the lion stands 5.50
m high; it is made of five blocks of marble, three of them hollow. It is a replica
of the lion on the polyandrion of Thespini. The monument is on the N side of a
rectangular penbolos (approximately 24 x 15 m). Within this area was found a tomb
4.30 x 3.60 m ringed by a wall 2.30 m high and containing 254 skeletons arranged
in seven layers; two of the bodies had been incinerated. The weapons had been
removed (the skeletons are at the National Museum in Athens, the other finds at
the Chaironeia Museum).
P. Roesch, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains 7 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
PANOPEFS (Ancient city) CHERONIA
On the frontier with Boiotia, S of and below the Narrows of the Kephisos.
Panopeus, called kallichoros by Homer, was on the Sacred Road from Athens to Delphi;
Athenian women known as Thyiads danced there, on their way to Delphi (Hom. Od.
11.581; Paus. 10.4.1-5). The Phokian king Schedios resided there (Hom. Il. 17.306);
Epeios, builder of the Trojan Horse, was son of the eponymous hero Panopeus (Od.
8.493-5; Il. 23. 665); and Mycenaean remains have been found on the acropolis.
Pausanias found the site a wretched hamlet (no administrative buildings,
gymnasium, theater, agora, or fountains, very poor houses). He was, however, shown
the burial mound of Tityos, and a mudbrick shrine of Prometheus, near which lay
two huge stones, said to be remains of the clay from which Prometheus molded mankind.
He was impressed by the city walls, which are still imposing, especially on the
S side of the hill. The curtains stand as high as 5 to 6 m; one tower, with its
screen-wall partly intact, is ca. 9 m high; and in Dodwell's day some doors and
windows of tower-chambers were preserved. These walls like others in Phokis, must
be later than the destruction of 346 (during the Third Sacred War). N of the citadel,
Leake traced much of the line of wall descending to the edge of the plain, and
enclosing the lower town; and grave inscriptions have been found around the village.
F. E. Winter, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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