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PLATRITHIA (Village) ITHAKI
ECHINADES (Island complex) IONIAN ISLANDS
Echinades (hai Echinai nesoi, Hom.; hai Echinades Wesoi, Herod., Thuc.,
Strab.), a group of numerous islands off the coast of Acarnania, several of which
have become united to the mainland by the alluvial deposits of the river. Herodotus
says that half of the islands had been already united to the mainland in his time
(ii. 10); and Thucydides expected that this would be the case with all of them
before long, since they lay so close together as to be easily connected by the
alluvium brought down by the river (ii. 102.). This expectation, however, has
not been fulfilled, which Pausanias attributed (viii. 24. § 11) to the Achelous
bringing down less alluvium in consequence of the uncultivated condition of Aetolia;
but there can be little doubt that it is owing to the increasing depth of the
sea, which prevents any perceptible progress being made.
The Echinades are mentioned by Homer, who says that Meges, son of
Phyleus, led 40 ships to Troy from Dulichium and the sacred islands Echinae, which
are situated beyond the sea, opposite Elis. (Hom. II. ii. 625.) Phyleus was the
son of Augeas, king of the Epeians in Elis, who emigrated to Dulichium because
he had incurred his father's anger. In the Odyssey Dulichium is frequently mentioned
along with Same, Zacynthus, and Ithaca as one of the islands subject to Ulysses,
and is celebrated brated for its fertility. (Hom. Od. i. 245, ix. 24, xiv. 397,
xvi. 123, 247; Hymn. in Apoll. 429; Polupuron, Od. xiv. 335, xvi. 396, xix. 292.)
The site of Dulichium gave rise to much dispute in antiquity. Hellanicus supposed
that it was the ancient name of Cephallenia; and Andron, that it was one of the
cities of this island, which Pherecydes supposed to be Pale, an opinion supported
by Pausanias. (Strab. x. p. 456; Paus. vi. 15. § 7.) But Strabo maintains that
Dulichium was one of the Echinades, and identifies it with Dolicha (he Dolicha),
an island which he describes as situated opposite Oeniadae and the mouth of the
Achelous, and distant 100 stadia from the promontory of Araxus in Elis (x. p.
458). Dolicha.appears to be the same which now bears the synonymous appellation
of Makri, derived from its long narrow form. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii.
p. 574.)
Most modern writers have followed Strabo in connecting Dulichium with
the Echinades, though it seems impossible to identify it with any particular island.
It is observed by Leake that Petala, being the largest of the Echinades, and possessing
the advantage of two well-sheltered harbours, seems to have the best claim to
be considered the ancient Dulichium. It is, indeed, a mere rock, but being separated
only by a strait of a few hundred yards from the fertile plains at the mouth of
the Achelous and river of Oenia, its natural deficiencies may have been there
supplied, and the epithets of grassy and abounding in wheat, which Homer applies
to Dulichium (Od. xvi. 396), may be referred to that part of its territory. But
Leake adds, with justice, that there is no proof in the Iliad or Odyssey that
Dulichium, although at the head of an insular confederacy, was itself an island:
it may very possibly, therefore, have been a city on the coast of Acarnania, opposite
to the Echinades, perhaps at Tragamesti, or more probably at the harbour named
Pandeleimona or Platya, which is separated only by a channel of a mile or two
from the Echinades.
Homer, as we have already seen, describes the Echinades as inhabited;
but both Thucydides and Scylax represent them as deserted. (Thuc. ii. 102 Scylax,
p. 14.) Strabo simply says that they were barren and rugged (x. p. 458). Stephanus
B. names a town Apollonia situated in one of the islands (s. v. Apollonia). Pliny
gives us the names of nine of these islands: Aegialia, Cotonis, Thyatira, Geoaris,
Dionysia, Cyrnus, Chalcis, Pinara, Mystus (iv. 12. s. 19). Another of the Echinades
was Artemita (Artemita), which became united to the mainland. (Strab. i. p. 59;
Plin. iv. 1. s. 2.) Artemidorus spoke of Artemita as a peninsula near the mouth
of the Achelous, and Rhianus connected it with the Oxeiae. (Steph. B. s. v. Aptemita.)
The Oxeiae (hai Oxeiai) are sometimes spoken of as a separate group of islands
to the west of the Echinades (comp. Plin. iv. 12. s. 19), but are included by
Strabo under the general name of Echinades (x. p. 458). The Oxeiae, according
to Strabo, are mentioned by Homer under the synonymous name of Thoae (Thoai, Od.
xv. 299).
The Echinades derived their name from the echinus or the sea-urchin,
in consequence of their sharp and prickly outlines. For the same reason they were
called Oxeiae, or the Sharp Islands, a name which some of them still retain under
the slightly altered form of Oxies. Leake remarks that the Echinades are divided
into two clusters, besides Petala, which, being quite barren and close to the
mainland, is not claimed, or at least is not occupied by the Ithacans, though
anciently it was undoubtedly one of the Echinades. The northern cluster is commonly
called the Dhragonares, from Dhragonara, the principal island; and the southern,
the Oxies or Scrofes. By the Venetians they were known as the islands of Kurtzolari,
which name belongs properly to a peninsula to the left of the mouth of the Achelous,
near Oxia. Seventeen of the islands have names.besides the four Modhia, two of
which are mere rocks, and nine of them are cultivated. These are, beginning from
the southward: Oxia, Makri, Vromona, Pondikonisi, Karlonisi, Provati, Lambrino,
Sofia, Dhragonara. Oxia alone is lofty. Makri and Vromona are the two islands
next in importance. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 455, seq.; Leake, Northern
Greece, vol. iii. pp. 30, seq., 50, seq.; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 104.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ITHAKI (Island) IONIAN ISLANDS
Ithaca (Ithake: Eth. Ithakesios and Ithakos: Ithacensis and Ithacus:
Thiaki, Thiake, vulgarly; but this is merely an alteration, by a simple metathesis
of the two first letters, from Ithakn, which is known to be the correct orthography
by the Ithacans themselves, and is the name used by all educated Greeks. Leake,
Northern Greece, chap. xxii.) This island, so celebrated as the scene of a large
portion of the Homeric poems, lies off the coast of Acarnania, and is separated
from Cephallenia by a channel about 3 or 4 miles wide. Its name is said by Eustathius
(ad Il. ii. 632) to have been derived from the eponymous hero Ithacus, mentioned
in Od. xviii. 207. Strabo (x. 2) reckons the circumference of Ithaca at only 80
stadia: but this measurement is very short of the truth; its extreme length from
north to south being about 17 miles, its greatest breadth about 4 miles, and its
area nearly 45 sq. miles. The island may be described as a ridge of limestone
rock, divided by the deep and wide Gulf of Molo into two nearly equal parts, connected
by a narrow isthmus not more than half-a-mile across, and on which stands the
Paleocastro of Aetos (Aetos), traditionally known as the Castle of Ulysses. Ithaca
everywhere rises into rugged hills, of which the chief is the mountain of Anoge
(Anoge: Ital. Anoi), in the northern division, which is identified with the Neritos
of Virgil (Aen. iii. 271) and the Neriton eiosiphullon of Homer (Od. ix. 21).
Its forests have now disappeared; and this is, doubtless, the reason why rain
and dew are not so common here in the present as in Homer's age, and why the island
no longer abounds in hogs fattened on acorns like those guarded by Eumaeus. In
all other points, the poet's descriptions (Od. iv. 603, seq., xiii. 242, seq.,
ix. 27, seq.) exhibit a perfect picture of the island as it now appears, the general
aspect being one of ruggedness and sterility, rendered striking by the bold and
broken outline of the mountains and cliffs, indented by numerous harbours and
creeks (limhenes panormoi, Od. xiii. 193). The climate is healthy (alathe kourotrophos,
Od. ix. 27). It may here be observed, that the expressions applied to Ithaca,
in Od. ix. 25, 26, have puzzled all the commentators ancient and modern:
aute de chthamale panupertate ein hali keitai
pros zophon, hai de aneuthe pros eo t‘ eelion te.
(Cf. Nitzsch, ad loc.; also Od. x. 196.) Strabo (x. 2) gives perhaps the most
satisfactory explanation: he supposes that by the epithet chthamale the poet intended
to express how Ithaca lies under, as it were, the neighbouring mountains of Acarnania;
while by that of panupertate he meant to denote its position at the extremity
of the group of islands formed by Zacynthus, Cephallenia, and the Echinades. For
another explanation, see Wordsworth, Greece, Pictorial, &c., pp. 355, seq.
Ithaca is now divided into four districts (Bathu, Aetos, Anoge Ezoge,
i. e. Deep Bay, Eagle's Cliff, Highland, Outland); and, as natural causes are
likely to produce in all ages similar effects, Leake thinks it probable, from
the peculiar conformation of the island, that the four divisions of the present
day nearly correspond with those noticed by Heracleon, an author cited by Stephanus
B. (s. v. Krokuleion). The name of one of these districts is lost by a defect
in the text; the others were named Neium, Crocyleium, and Aegireus. The Aegilips
of Homer (Il. ii. 633) is probably the same with Aegireus, and is placed by Leake
at the modern village of Anoge; while he believes the modern capital town of Bathy
to occupy the site of Crocyleia. (Il. I. c.) It is true that Strabo (pp. 376,
453) places Aegilips and Crocyleia in Leucas; but this appears inconsistent with
Homer and other ancient authorities. (See Leake, l. c.)
Plutarch (Quaest. Graec. 43) and Stephanus B. (s. v.) state that the
proper name of the ancient capital of Ithaca was Alcomenae or Alalcomenae, and
that Ulysses bestowed this appellation upon it from his having been himself born
near Alalcomenae in Boeotia. But this name is not found in Homer; and a passage
in Strabo tends to identify it with the ruins on the isthmus of Aetos, where the
fortress and royal residence of the Ithacan chieftains probably stood, on account
of the advantages of a position so easily accessible to the sea both on the eastern
and western sides. It is argued by Leake that the Homeric capital city was at
Polis, a little harbour on the NW. coast of the island, where some Hellenic remains
may still be traced. For the poet (Od. iv. 844, seq.) represents the suitors as
lying in wait for Telemachus on his return from Peloponnesus at Asteris, a small
island in the channel between Ithaca and Samos (Cephalonia), where the only island
is that now called Daskhalion, situated exactly opposite the entrance to Port
Polis. The traditional name of Polis is alone a strong argument that the town,
of which the remains are still visible there, was that which Scylax (in Acarnania),
and still more especially Ptolemy (iii. 14), mentions as having borne the same
name as the island. It seems highly probable that he polis, or the city, was among
the Ithacans the most common designation of their chief town. And if the Homeric
capital was at Polis, it will follow that Mt. Neium, under which it stood (Ithakes
Uponeiou, Od. iii. 81), was the mountain of Exoge (Ital. Exoi), at the northern
extremity of the island, and that one of its summits was the Hermaean hill (Ermaios
lophos, Od. xvi. 471) from which Eumaeus saw the ship of Telemachus entering the
harbour. It becomes probable, also, that the harbour Rheithrum (Peithron), which
was under Neium but apart from the city (nosphi poleos, Od. i. 185), may be identified
with either of the neighbouring bays of Afales or Frickes. Near the village of
Exoge may be observed the substructions of an ancient building, probably a temple,
with several steps and niches cut in the rock. These remains are now called by
the neighboring peasants the School of Homer.
The Homeric Fountain of Arethusa is identifled with a copious spring
which rises at the foot of a cliff fronting the sea, near the SE. extremity of
Ithaca. This cliff is still called Korax (Korax), and is, doubtless, that alluded
to at Od. xiii. 407, seq., xiv. 5, seq., xiv. 398. (See, especially on this point,
Leake, l. c., and Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 67, seq.)
The most remarkable natural feature of Ithaca is the Gulf of Mole,
that inlet of the sea which nearly divides the island into two portions; and the
most remarkable relic of antiquity is the socalled Castle of Ulysses, placed,
as has been already intimated, on the sides and summit of the steep hill of Aetos,
on the connecting isthmus. Here may be traced several lines of inclosure, testifying
the highest antiquity in the rude structure of massive stones which compose them.
The position of several gates is distinctly marked; there are also traces of a
tower and of two large subterranean cisterns. There can be little doubt that this
is the spot to which Cicero (de Orat. i. 44) alludes in praising the patriotism
of Ulysses - ut Ithacam illam in asperrimis saxis tanquam nidulam affixam sapientissimus
vir immortalitati anteponeret. The name of Aetos, moreover, recalls the striking
scene in Od. ii. 146, seq. At the base of this hill there have been discovered
several ancient tombs. sepulchral inscriptions, vases, rings, medals, &c. The
coins of Ithaca usually bear the head of Ulysses, with the pileus, or conical
cap, and the legend Ithakon; the reverse exhibiting a cock, an emblem of the hero's
vigilance, Athena, his tutelar deity, or other devices of like import. (See Eckhel.)
The Homeric port of Phorcys (Od. xiii. 345) is supposed to be represented
by a small creek now called Dexia (probably because it is on the right of the
entrance to the harbour of Bathy), or by another creek now called Skhinos, both
on the southern side of the Gulf of Molo. (Leake, l. c.) At a cave on the side
of Mount Stephanos or Merovgli, above this gulf, and at some short distance from
the sea, is placed the Grotto of the Nymphs, in which the sleeping Ulysses was
deposited by the Phoenicians who brought him from Scheria. (Od. xiii. 116, seq.)
Leake (l. c.) considers this to be the only point in the island exactly corresponding
to the poet's data.
The modern capital of Ithaca extends in a narrow strip of white houses
round the southern extremity of the horse-shoe port, or deep (Bathu), from which
it derives its name, and which is itself but an inlet of the Gulf of Molo, often
mentioned already. After passing through similar vicissitudes to those of its
neighbours, Ithaca is now one of the seven Ionian Islands under the protectorate
of Great Britain, and contains a population exceeding 10,000 souls, - an industrious
and prosperous community. It has been truly observed that there is, perhaps, no
spot in the world where the influence of classical associations is more lively
or more pure; for Ithaca is indebted for no part of its interest to the rival
distinctions of modern annals, - so much as its name scarcely occurring in the
page of any writer of historical ages, unless with reference to its poetical celebrity.
Indeed, in A.D. 1504, it was nearly, if not quite, uninhabited, having been depopulated
by the incursions of Corsairs; and record is still extant of the privileges accorded
by the Venetian government to the settlers (probably from the neighbouring islands
and from the mainland of Greece) by whom it was repeopled. (Leake, l. c.; Bowen,
Ithaca in 1850, p. 1.)
It has been assumed throughout this article that the island still
called Ithaca is identical with the Homeric Ithaca. Of that fact there is ample
testimony in its geographical position, as well as in its internal features, when
compared with the Odyssey. To every sceptic we may say, in the words of Athena
to Ulysses (Od. xiii. 344), - all' age toi deixo Ithakes hedos hophra pepoithes.
(The arguments on the sceptical side of the question have been collected by Volcker,
Homer. Geogr. 46-74, but they have been successfully confuted by Ruhle von Lilienstern,
Ueber das Homerische Ithaca. The fullest authorities on the subject of this article
are Gell, Geography and Antiquities of Ithaca, London, 1807; Leake, Northern Greece,
vol. iii. pp. 24-55; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. pp. 38-81; Bowen, Ithaca in
1850, London, 1852.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ECHINADES (Island complex) IONIAN ISLANDS
(Echinades nesoi). A group of small islands at the mouth of
the Achelous belonging to Acarnania, said to have been formed by the alluvial
deposits of the Achelous. They appear to have derived their name from their resemblance
to the echinus, or sea-urchin. The largest of these islands was named Dulichium,
and belonged to the kingdom of Odysseus, who is hence called Dulichius.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ITHAKI (Island) IONIAN ISLANDS
(Ithake). Now Thiaki; an island in the Ionian Sea, off the coast
of Epirus, celebrated as the birthplace of Odysseus. It is about twelve miles
long, and four in its greatest breadth, and is divided into two parts, which are
connected by a narrow isthmus not more than half a mile across. In each of these
parts there is a mountain ridge of considerable height--the one in the north called
Neritum, and the one in the south Neium. The city of Ithaca, the residence of
Odysseus, was situated on a precipitous, conical hill, now called Aeto, or "eagle's
cliff," occupying the whole breadth of the isthmus mentioned above. Its summit
is still surrounded by Cyclopean walls and shows traces of fortifications. The
chief town of the island is now called Vathy.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANOGI (Village) ITHAKI
A mountain village, among the oldest on Ithaki. Huge slabs of stone have been raised around the outskirts of Anogi, which is the second most important mediaeval settlement. The Byzantine church of the Dormition of the Virgin is situated here.
EXOGI (Village) ITHAKI
The most distant village from Vathy.
Built in the shape of an amphitheatre on a hill with a magnificent view. Of interest
to visitors are the pyramid tombs at the edge of the village, the churches of
Agios Nikolaos and Agia Marina and the monastery of the Panagia at Pernarakia.
PLATRITHIA (Village) ITHAKI
ITHAKI (Island) IONIAN ISLANDS
DOULICHION (Homeric island) IONIAN ISLANDS
It was an island to the southeast of Ithaca. According to Homer it belonged to the Echinadian Islands and was inhabited by the Epians. It participated in the Trojan War with Meges or Acastus leading. Strabon identifies Dolichus with the island Doliche, whereas the tradition of modern Greeks identifies it with the sunken island Kakaba, near the cape Skala. Others claim that Dulichium was the name of that part of Kefalonia that was the most distant from Ithaca (I.Pantazides, HomericLexicon, ed. Eleftheri Skepsi, p. 171). GTP locates and has placed Dulichium at the Echinadian Islands.
ITHAKI (Island) IONIAN ISLANDS
Total results on 8/5/2001: 513 for Ithaca, 15 for Ithaka.
ALALKOMENES (Ancient city) ITHAKI
It is a hill also known as Paleokastro or Odysseus Castle.
ITHAKI (Island) IONIAN ISLANDS
An island in the Ionian Sea NE of Kephalonia. Homer speaks of a maritime
power formed by four islands: Ithaca, Dulichio, Same, and Zacinto (Od. 9.31).
Ithaca, the mythical homeland of Odysseus and capital of his kingdom, was identified
by Classical authors with the island of the same name which today is called Ithaki
or Thiaki. Test trenches had been dug at various points on the island in 1868
and 1878, and excavations since 1930 have given ample credence to this identification.
Near the village of Stavros in the N of the island, on a hillside
dominating the Bay of Polis in the locality called Pelikate, a settlement surrounded
by a Cyclopean wall and an ancient Helladic necropolis have been discovered. The
necropolis also contains pottery from the middle Helladic and Mycenaean phases.
Traces of a rather large building and some Mycenaean pottery were found in 1937
at Tris Langadas, also in the vicinity of the Polis valley. A cavern excavated
in the Bay of Polis contained finds from the Bronze Age to the 1st c. A.D., the
most interesting are from the Geometric period, including bronze votive tripods.
This was a grotto sanctuary in which a fragment from the 3d c. B.C. indicates
that the Nymphs were venerated, while a fictile mask from the 1st c. A.D. significantly
bears the name of Odysseus. The islet Daskalio offshore from Polis could be the
Homeric Asteris, where the Proci awaited the return of Odysseus. Near Stavros
there are also the remains of a necropolis with tombs from the 5th and 4th c.
B.C. above a Bronze Age settlement.
Farther N, near Exoghi, the chapel of Haghios Athanasios is built
on the ruins of a tower with archaic polygonal masonry. It is popularly called
the School of Homer and the original plan, two rooms, is still recognizable. There
are remains of a polygonal wall, within which votive objects have been found NE
of the church. The wall probably enclosed a temple or an archaic sanctuary. Near
the village of Exoghi one might locate the domain of Laertes; and a fountain brings
to mind Melanthydros in the Odyssey. On the summit of Mt. Aetos, on the narrow
strip of land that joins the N and S parts of the island, an archaic polygonal
enclosing wall and other remains may be identified with Alakomenai, mentioned
by Strabo.
On the slopes of Mt. Aetos, near a tower of the 5th c. B.C., a large
sanctuary with a massive terracing wall has been found, and a deposit of local
Geometric and imported Corinthian vases. Moreover, there are confused remains
of tumuli of the LH III period, with ceramics from the 12th c. B.C. After the
middle of the 8th c. W Greek and Cretan influence is evident in the ceramics from
Mt. Aetos. The ceramic votive offerings seem to cease in the 4th c. B.C., but
there are numerous terracottas from later epochs. Vathy, the modern capital of
the island, is identified with the ancient port of Phorkys where Odysseus embarked.
The grotto of Marmarospilia would be the grotto of the Nymphs, while the plain
of Marathia would be the location of the stalls of Eumelus (Od. 14.6), and the
fountain of Perapighadi may be the Arethusa. There is a small museum at Vathy.
M. G. Picozzi, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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