Listed 95 sub titles with search on: Information about the place for wider area of: "HALKIDIKI Province MAKEDONIA CENTRAL" .
NEOS MARMARAS (Small town) HALKIDIKI
AGIA PARASKEVI (Village) HALKIDIKI
AGIOS MAMAS (Village) HALKIDIKI
NEA KALLIKRATIA (Small town) HALKIDIKI
NEA MOUDANIA (Small town) HALKIDIKI
NEA POTIDEA (Small town) HALKIDIKI
AFYTIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Aphutis, also Aphute, Aphutos: Eth. Aphutaios, more early Aphutieus,
Aphuteus, Aphutesios: A/thyto. A town on the eastern side of the peninsula Pallene,
in Macedonia, a little below Potidaea. (Herod. vii. 123: Thuc. i. 64; Strab.)
Xenophon (Hell. v. 3. § 19) says that it possessed a temple of Dionysius, to which
the Spartan king Agesipolis desired to be removed before his death; but it was
more celebrated for its temple of Ammon, whose head appears on its coins. (Plut.
Lys. 20; Pans. iii. 18. § 3; Steph. B. s. v.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited May 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANTIGONIA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Antigonea, Eth. Antigoneus, Antigonensis. A town of Macedonia in the district
Crusis in Chalcidice, placed by Livy between Aeneia and Pallene. (Liv. xliv. 10.)
It is called by Ptolemy (iii. 13. § 38) Psaphara (Psaphara) probably in order
to distinguish it from Antigoneia in Paeonia.
APOLLONIA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Eth. Apolloniates, Apolloniates, Apollinas,--atis, Apolloniensis.Polighero).
The chief town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated N. of Olynthus, and a little
S. of the Chalcidian mountains. That this Apollonia is a different place from
No. 5, appears from Xenophon, who describes the Chalcidian Apollonia as distant
10 or 12 miles from Olynthus. (Xen. Hell. v. 12 § 1, seq.) It was probably this
Apollonia Which struck the beautiful Chalcidian coins, bearing on the obverse
the head of Apollo, and on the reverse his lyre, with the legend Chalkideon.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
GALIPSOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Galephos (Herod. vii. 122). A town on the N. coast of the peninsula of Sithonia,
which Colonel Leake takes to have been the same place afterwards called Physcella
(Plin. iv. 10; Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 1), a distinction which was required, as there
was another Galepsus at no great distance.
GIGONOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Gigonis akra (Etym. Mag. s. v. Egonis, Ptol. iii. 13. § 23). A promontory
on the coast of the Crossaea, in Macedonia, with a town Gigonus (Gigonos,
Steph. B.), to which the Athenian force, which had been employed against Perdiccas,
marched in three days from Beraea. (Thuc. i. 61.) It appears, from the order of
the names in Herodotus (vii. 123), that it was to the S. of Cape Aeneium, the
great Karaburnu; hence its situation was nearly that of Cape Apanomi.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
LIKYTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Lekuthos. A town in the peninsula of Sithonia in Chalcidice, not far from Torone,
with a temple to Athena. The town was attacked by Brasidas, who took it by storm,
and consecrated the entire cape to the goddess. Everything was demolished except
the temple and the buildings connected with it.
LIPAXOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of Crusis, or Crossaea, in Macedonia, mentioned only by Hecataeus (Steph.
B. s. v.) and Herodotus (vii. 123).
LISAE (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of Crusis or Crossaea, in Macedonia, mentioned only by Herodotus (vii.
123).
MENDI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
or Mendae (Mendai, Menda, Mendis, Eth. Mendaios). A town of Pallene,
situated on the SW. side the cape. It was a colony of Eretria in Euboea, which
became subject to Athens with the other cities of Pallene and Chalcidice. On the
arrival of Brasidas, Mende revolted from the Athenians (Thuc. iv. 123), but was
afterwards retaken by Nicias and Nicostratus (Thuc. iv. 130; Diod. xii. 72). It
appears, from the account which Livy gives of the expedition of Attalus and the
Romans (B.C. 200), to have been a small maritime place under the dominion of Cassandria.
Together with Scione, Mende occupied the broadest part of the peninsula (Pomp.
Mela, ii. 3. § 11), and is probably represented by some Hellenic remains which
have been observed on the shore near Kavo-Posidhi, to the E., as well as on the
heights above it. The types on its autonomous coins - Silenus riding upon an ass,
and a Diota in a square - refer to the famous Mendaean wine, of which the ancients
make honourable mention. (Athen. i. pp. 23, 29, iv. p. 129, viii. p. 364, xi.
p. 784; Hippocrat. vol. ii. p. 472, ed. Kuhn; Jul. Poll. Onomast. vi. segm. 15.)
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MIKYVERNA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Mekuberna: Eth. Mekubernaios. A town which stood at the head of the
Toronaic gulf, which was also called Sinus Mecybernaeus. (Plin. iv. 10; Pomp.
Mela, ii. 3. § 1.) Mecyberna was the port of Olynthus (Strab. vii. p. 330), and
lay between that town and Sermyle. (Herod.vii. 122.) It was taken from the Athenians
by the Chalcidic Thracians (Thuc. v. 39), and surrendered to Philip before the
siege of Olynthus. (Diod. xvi. 54.) The site must be sought at Molivopyrgo, where
some remains of antiquity are said to be preserved. (Leake, North. Greece, vol.
iii. p. 155.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
NEAPOLIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
A town on the isthmus of Pallene, on the E. coast, between Aphytis and Aege. (Herod.
vii. 123.) In Leake's map it is represented by the modern Polykhrono.
OLYNTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Olunthos, Eth. Olunthios. A town which stood at the head of the Toronaic
gulf, between the peninsulas of Pallene and Sithonia, and was surrounded by a
fertile plain. Originally a Bottiaean town, at the time of the Persian invasion
it had passed into the hands of the Chalcidic Greeks (Herod. vii. 122; Strab.
x. p. 447), to whom, under Critobulus of Torone, it was handed over, by the Persian
Artabazus, after taking the town, and slaying all the inhabitants (Herod. viii.
127). Afterwards Perdiccas prevailed on many of the Chalcidian settlers to abandon
the small towns on the sea-coast, and make Olynthus, which was several stadia
from the sea, their central position (Thuc. i. 58). After this period the Bottiaei
seem to have been the humble dependents of the Chalcidians, with whom they are
found joined on two occasions (Thuc. i. 65, ii. 79). The expedition of Brasidas
secured the independence of the Olynthians, which was distinctly recognised by
treaty (Thuc. v. 19.) The town, from its maritime situation, became a place of
great importance, B.C. 392. Owing to the weakness of Amyntas, the Macedonian king,
they were enabled to take into their alliance the smaller towns of maritime Macedonia,
and gradually advanced so far as to include the larger cities in this region,
including even Pella. The military force of the Olynthian confederacy had now
become so powerful from the just and generous principles upon which it was framed,
including full liberty of inter-marriage, of commercial dealings, and landed proprietorship,
that Acanthus and Apollonia, jealous of Olynthian supremacy, and menaced in their
independence, applied to Sparta, then in the height of its power, B.C. 383, to
solicit intervention. The Spartan Eudamidas was at once sent against Olynthus,
with such force as could be got ready, to check the new power. Teleutias, the
brother of Agesilaus, was after-wards sent there with a force of 10,000 men, which
the Spartan assembly had previously voted, and was joined by Derdas, prince of
Elimeia, with 400 Macedonian horse. But the conquest of Olynthus was no easy enterprise
its cavalry was excellent, and enabled them to keep the Spartan infantry at bay.
Teleutias, at first successful, becoming over confident, sustained a terrible
defeat under the walls of the city. But the Spartans, not disheartened, thought
only of repairing their dishonour by fresh exertions. Agesipolis, their king,
was placed in command, and ordered to prosecute the war with vigour; the young
prince died of a fever, and was succeeded by Polybiades as general, who put an
end to the war, B.C. 379. The Olynthians were reduced to such straits, that they
were obliged to sue for peace, and, breaking up their own federation, enrolled
themselves as sworn members of the Lacedaemonian confederacy under obligations
of fealty to Sparta (Xen. Hell. v. 2. 12, 3. § 18; Diodor. xv. 21 - 23; Dem. de
Fals. Leg. c. 75. p. 425). The subjugation of Olynthus was disastrous to Greece,
by removing the strongest bulwark against Macedonian aggrandisement. Sparta was
the first to crush the bright promise of the confederacy; but it was reserved
for Athens to deal it the most deadly blow, by the seizure of Pydna, Methone,
and Potidaea, with the region about the Thermaic gulf, between B.C. 368 - 363,
at the expense of Olynthus. The Olynthians, though humbled, were not subdued;
alarmed at Philip's conquest of Amphipolis, B.C. 358, they sent to negotiate with
Athens, where, through the intrigues of the Macedonians, they were repulsed. Irritated
at their advances being rejected, they closed with Philip, and received at his
hands the district of Anthemus, as well as the important Athenian possession of
Potidaea. (Dem. Philipp. ii. p. 71. s. 22). Philip was too near and dangerous
a neighbour; and, by a change of policy, Olynthus concluded a peace with Athens
B.C. 352. After some time, during which there was a feeling of reciprocal mistrust
between the Olynthians and Philip, war broke out in the middle of B.C. 350. Overtures
for an alliance had been previously made by Athens, with which the Olynthians
felt it prudent to close. On the first recognition of Olynthus as an ally, Demosthenes
delivered the earliest of his memorable harangues; two other Olynthiac speeches
followed. For a period of 80 years Olynthus had been the enemy of Athens, but
the eloquence and statesman-like sagacity of Demosthenes induced the people to
send succours to their ancient foes: and yet lie was not able to persuade them
to assist Olynthus with sufficient vigour. Still the fate of the city was delayed;
and the Olynthians, had they been on their guard against treachery within, might
perhaps have saved themselves.. The detail of the capture is unknown, but the
struggling. city fell, in. B.C. 347, into the hands of Philip, callidus emptor
Olynthi (Juv. xiv. 47), through the treachery of Lasthenes and Euthycrates; its
doom was that of one taken by storm (Dem. Philipp. iii. pp. 125 - 128, Fals. Leg.
p. 426; Diod. xvi..53). All that survived--men, women, and. children--were sold
as slaves; the town itself was destroyed. The fall of Olynthus completed the conquest
of the Greek cities. from the Thessalian frontier as far as Thrace--in all 30
Chalcidic cities. Demosthenes (Philipp. iii. p. 117; comp. Strab. ii. p. 121;
Justin. viii. 3), speaking of them about five years afterwards, says that they
were so thoroughly destroyed, that it might be supposed that they had never been
inhabited. The site of Olynthus at Aio Mamas is, however, known by its distance
of 60 stadia front Potidaea, as well as by some vestiges of the city still existing,
and by its lagoon, in which Artabazus slew the inhabitants. The name of this marsh
was Bolyca (he Boluke limne, Hegisander, ap. Athen. p. 334). Two rivers, the Amitas
and Olynthiacus (Olunthiakos), flowed into this lagoon from Apollonia (Athen.
l. c.). Mecyberna was its harbour; and there was a spot near it, called Cantharolethron
(Kantharolethron, Strab. vii. p. 330; Plut. de An. Tranq. 475. 45; Arist. Mirab.
Ausc. 120; Plin. xi. 34), so called because black beetles could not live there.
Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 73) speaks of only one extant coin of Olynthus--the type a
head of Heracles, with the lion's skin; but Mr. Millingen has engraved one of
those beautiful Chalcidian coins on which the legend OLUNTh surrounds the head
of Apollo on the one side, and the word CHALCHIDEON, his lyre, on the reverse.
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PILOROS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Piloros, (Herod. vii. 122; Steph. B.). Atown of Sithonia in Macedonia, upon the
Singitic gulf, between Sane and Cape Ampelus, which probably occupied Vurvuri,
or one of the harbours adjacent to it on the N.
POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Kassandreia, Kasandreia: Eth. Kassandreus: Pinaka. A town situated
on the narrow isthmus which connects the peninsula of Pallene with the main land,
on which formerly stood the rich and flourishing city of Potidaea. (Strab. vii.
p. 330; Plin. iv. 10.)
Potidaia: Eth. Potidaiates, Potidaieus. A Dorian city originally colonised
from Corinth (Thuc. i. 56; Scymn. Ch. v. 628), though at what period is not known;
it must have existed before the Persian wars. It surrendered to the Persians on
their march into Greece. (Herod. vii. 123.) After the battle of Salamis it closed
its gates against Artabazus, who at the head of a large detachment had escorted
Xerxes to the Hellespont. On his return this general laid siege to the place of
which he would probably have obtained possession through the treachery of one
of its citizens, had not the plot been accidentally discovered. An attempt afterwards
made against it by the Persians was unsuccessful, from a sudden influx of the
sea, while the troops were crossing the bay to attack the town; a great part of
the Persian force was destroyed, the remainder made a hasty retreat. (Herod. viii.
127.) There was a contingent of 300 men sent by Potidaea to the united Greek forces
at Plataea. (Herod. ix. 28.) Afterwards Potidaea became one of the tributary allies
of Athens, but still maintained a certain metropolitan allegiance to Corinth.
Certain magistrates under the title of Epidemiurgi were sent there every year
from Corinth. (Thuc. i. 56.) In B.C. 432 Potidaea revolted from Athens, and allied
itself with Perdiccas and the Corinthians. After a severe action, in which the
Athenians were finally victorious, the town was regularly blockaded; it did not
capitulate till the end of the second year of the war, after going through such
extreme suffering from famine that even some who died were eaten by the survivors.
(Thuc. ii. 70.) A body of 1,000 colonists were sent from Athens to occupy Potidaea
and the vacant territory. (Diod. xii. 46.) On the occupation of Amphipolis and
other Thracian towns by Brasidas, that general attempted to seize upon the garrison
of Potidaea, but the attack failed. (Thuc. iv. 135.) In 382, Potidaea was in the
occupation of the Olynthians. (Xen. Hell. vii. § 16.) In 364, it was taken by
Timotheus the Athenian general. (Diod. xv. 81; comp. Isocr. de Antid. p. 119.)
Philip of Macedon seized upon it and gave it up to the Olynthians. (Diod. xvi.
8.) The Greek population was extirpated or sold by him. Cassander founded a new
city on the site of Potidaea, and assembled on this spot not only many strangers
but also Greeks of the neighbourhood, especially the Olynthians, who were still
surviving the destruction of their city. He called it after his own name Cassandreia.
(Diod. xix. 52; Liv.xliv. 11.) Cassandreia is the natural port of the fertile
peninsula of Pallene (Kassandhra), and soon became great and powerful, surpassing
all the Macedonian cities in opulence and splendour. (Diod. l. c.) Arsinoe, widow
of Lysimachus, retired to this place with her two sons. (Polyaen. viii. 57.) Ptolemy
Ceraunus, her half-brother, succeeded by treachery in wresting the place from
her. Like Alexandreia and Antioch, it enjoyed Greek municipal institutions, and
was a republic under the Macedonian dominion, though Cassander's will was its
law as long as he lived. (Niebuhr, Lectures on Ancient History, vol. iii. pp.
231, 253.) About B.C. 279 it came under the dominion of Apollodorus, one of the
most detestable tyrants that ever lived. (Diod. Exc. p. 563.) Philip, the son
of Demetrius, made use of Cassandreia as his principal naval arsenal, and at one
time caused 100 galleys to be constructed in the docks of that port. (Liv. xxviii.
8.)
In the war with Perseus his son (B.C. 169), the Roman fleet in conjunction
with Eumenes, king of Pergamus, undertook the siege of Cassandreia, but they were
compelled to retire (Liv. xliv. 11, 12.) Under Augustus a Roman colony settled
at Cassandreia. (Marquardt, in Becker's Handbuch der Rom. Alt. vol. iii. pt. i.
p. 118; Eckhel, D. N. vol. ii. p. 70.) This city at length fell before the barbarian
Huns, who left hardly any traces of it. (Procop. B.P. ii. 4, de Aedif. iv. 3;
comp. Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 152.)
For coins of Cassandreia, both autonomous and imperial, see Eckhel.
The type constantly found is the head of Ammon, in whose worship they seem to
have joined with the neighbouring people of Aphytis.
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SANI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Eth. Sanios, Senaios, Sanaios. A colony of Andros, situated upon the
low, undulating ground, forming the isthmus which connects the peninsula of Acte
with Chalcidice, through which the canal of Xerxes passed. Masses of stone and
mortar, with here and there a large and squared block, and foundations of Hellenic
walls, which are found upon this Provlaka or neck of land, mark the site of ancient
Sane, which was within Acte and turned towards the sea of Euboea.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
SERMYLI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Sermulioi. A town of Chalcidice, between Galepsus and Mecyberna, which gave
its name to the Toronaic gulf, which was also called Sermilicus Sinus (kolpos
Sermulikos, Scyl.). The modern Ormylia, between Molyvo and Derna, is identified
from its name, which differs little from the ancient form, with the site of Sermyle.
SINGOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Singaioi. A town of Sithonia in Macedonia, upon the gulf to which
it gave its name, Singiticus Sinus (Singitikos kolpos, Ptol. l. c.: Gulf of Aghion
Oros), identified with Sykia, probably a corrupted form of the old name.
SITHONIA (Ancient area) HALKIDIKI
Sithonia (Sithonie, Herod. vii. 123; Steph. B.; Virg. Bucol. x. 66; Hor. Carm.
i. 18. 9: Longos), the central of the three prongs which run out into the Aegean
from the great peninsula of Chalcidice, forming a prolongation to the peak called
Solomon or Kholomon. The Sithonian peninsula, which, though not so hilly as that
of Acte, is not so inviting as Pallene, was the first, it appears, to be occupied
by the Chalcidic colonists.
SKIONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Skione, Eth. Skionaios, Skioneus. The chief town on the isthmus of
Pallene in Macedonia. Although it called itself Achaean, like many other colonial
towns, in default of any acknowledged mother-city, it traced its origin to warriors
returning from Troy. Under concert with Brasidas the Scionaeans proclaimed their
revolt from Athens, two days after the truce was sworn, March, B.C. 421. Brasidas,
by a speech which appealed to Grecian feeling, wound up the citizens to the highest
pitch of enthusiasm. The Athenians, furious at the refusal of the Lacedaemonians
to give up this prize, which they had gained after the truce, passed a resolution,
under the instigation of Cleon to kill all the grown-up male inhabitants of the
place, and strictly besieged the town, which Brasidas was unable to relieve, though
he had previously conveyed away the women and children to a place of safety. After
a long blockade Scione surrendered to the Athenians, who put all the men of military
age to death, and sold the women and children to slavery. The site of this ill-fated
city must be sought for between the capes Paliuri and Posidhi.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
SPARTOLOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of the Chalcidic peninsula, at no great distance from Olynthus, under the
walls of which the Athenian forces were routed, B.C. 249. It belonged to the Bottiaeans,
and was perhaps their capital, and was of sufficient importance to be mentioned
in the treaty between Sparta and Athens in the tenth year of the Peloponnesian
War.
THERAMVO (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Thrambus (Therambos, Thrambos, Thrambeis, Thrambousia deiras). A town
of the peninsula Pallene, in Chalcidice in Macedonia, is called a promontory by
Stephanus B., and is hence supposed by Leake (Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 156)
to have occupied a position very near the promontory Canastraeum, the most southerly
point of Pallene; but from the order of the names in Scylax we would rather place
it at the promontory upon the western side of the peninsula, called Posidium by
Thucydides (iv. 129).
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TORONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Toronaios. A town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated upon the
SW. coast of the peninsula of Sithonia. It was said to have derived its name from
Torone, a daughter of Proeteus or Poseidon and Phoenice. (Steph. B. s. v. Torone.)
It was a Greek colony, founded by the Chalcidians of Euboea, and appears to have
been originally the chief settlement of the Chalcidians in these parts. Hence
the gulf lying between the peninsulas of Sithonia and Torone was generally called
the Toronaean, now the Gulf of Kassaindhra. (Toronaikos kolpos, Steph. B. s. v.
Torone; Ptol. iii. 13. § 13; Toronikos kolpos, Strab. vii. p. 330; Scyimn. Ch.
640; Toronaicum mare, Liv. xliv. 11; Toronaeus sinus, Tac. Ann. v. 10.) Like the
other Greek cities in these parts, Torone furnished ships and men to the army
of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. (Herod. vii. 122.) After the Persian War
Torone came under the dominion of Athens. In B.C. 424 a party in the town opened
the gates to Brasidas, but it was retaken by Cleon two years afterwards. (Thuc.
iv. 110, seq., v. 2.) At a later time it seems to have been subject to Olynthus,
since it was recovered by the Athenian general Timotheus. (Diodor. xv. 81.) It
was annexed by Philip, along with the other Chalcidian cities, to the Macedonian
empire. (Diodor. xvi. 53.) In the war against Perseus, B.C. 169, it was attacked
by a Roman fleet, but without success. (Liv. xliv. 12.) Theophrastus related that
the Egyptian bean grew in a marsh near Torone (ap. Athen. iii. p. 72, d.); and
Archestratus mentions a particular kind of fish, for which Torone was celebrated
(ap. Athen. vii. p. 310, c.). The harbour of Torone was called Cophos (Kophos),
or deaf, because being separated from the sea by two narrow passages, the noise
of the waves was never heard there: hence the proverb kophoteros tou Toronaiou
limenos. (Strab. vii. p. 330; Mela, ii. 3; Zenob. Prov. Graec. cent. iv. pr. 68.)
This port is apparently the same as the one called by Thucydides (v. 2) the harbour
of the Colophonians, which he describes as only a little way from the city of
the Toronaeans. Leake conjectures that we ought perhaps to read Kophon instead
of Kolophonion. It is still called Kufo, and Torone likewise retains its ancient
name. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 119, 155, 455.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
AFYTIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
A town in Macedonia containing a celebrated temple and oratory of Zeus Ammon.
GALIPSOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town in Macedonia, on the Toronaic Gulf.
GIGONOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Gigonos). A town and promontory of Macedonia on the Thermaic Gulf.
MENDI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Mendae. A town on the west coast of the Macedonian peninsula Pallene and on the Thermaic Gulf, a colony of the Eretrians, and celebrated for its wine
MIKYVERNA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Mekuberna). A town of Macedonia in Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf, east of Olynthus, of which it was the sea-port.
OLYNTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Olunthos). A town of Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic
Gulf, and the most important of the Greek cities on the coast of Macedonia. It
was at the head of a confederacy of all the Greek towns in its neighbourhood,
and maintained its independence, except for a short interval, when it was subject
to Sparta (379-375), till it was taken and destroyed by Philip, B.C. 347. The
Olynthiac orations of Demosthenes were delivered by the orator to urge the Athenians
to send assistance to the city when it was attacked by Philip. When the supremacy
of Sparta was destroyed by the Thebans, Olynthus recovered its independence, and
even received an accession of power from Philip, who was anxious to make Olynthus
a counterpoise to the influence of Athens in the north of the Aegean. With this
view Philip gave Olynthus the territory of Potidaea, after he had wrested this
town from the Athenians in 356. But when he had sufficiently consolidated his
power to be able to set at defiance both Olynthus and Athens, he threw off the
mask, and laid siege to the former city. The Olynthians earnestly besought Athens
for assistance, and were warmly supported by Demosthenes in his Olynthiac orations;
but as the Athenians did not render the city any effectual assistance, it was
taken and destroyed by Philip, and all its inhabitants sold as slaves (347). Olynthus
was never restored. Olynthus used the town of Mecyberna as its port.
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POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Potidaia). A town in Macedonia, on the narrow isthmus of the peninsula Pallene,
was a colony of the Corinthians. It afterwards became tributary to Athens, and
its revolt from the latter city, in B.C. 432, was one of the immediate causes
of the Peloponnesian War. It was taken by the Athenians in 429, after a siege
of more than two years, its inhabitants expelled, and their place supplied by
Athenian colonists. In 356 it was taken by Philip, who destroyed the city and
gave its territory to the Olynthians. Cassander built a new city on the same site,
to which he gave the name of Cassandrea, and which soon became the most flourishing
city in all Macedonia.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
SERMYLI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town in Macedonia on the peninsula Sithonia or its isthmus.
SINGOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
SITHONIA (Ancient area) HALKIDIKI
The central one of the three peninsulas running out from Chalcidice
in Macedonia, between the Toronaic and Singitic gulfs. The Thracians were originally
spread over the greater part of Macedonia; and the ancients derived the name of
Sithonia from a Thracian king, Sithon. We also find mention of a Thracian people,
Sithonii, on the shores of the Pontus Euxinus; and the poets frequently use Sithonis
and Sithonius in the general sense of Thracicus.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
SKIONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
The chief town in the Macedonian peninsula of Pallene, on the western coast. It revolted from Athens in the Peloponnesian War, and being taken by Cleon, the male inhabitants were put to death and the women and children sold as slaves.
TORONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of Macedonia, in the district of Chalcidice, and on the southwest side of the peninsula Sithonia, from which the gulf between the peninsulas Sithonia and Pallene was called Sinus Toronaicus.
KALIKRATIA (Municipality) HALKIDIKI
GLAROKAVOS (Settlement) HALKIDIKI
Glarocavos is a small, beautiful and natural gulf which is situated south of Pefkohori and is a place where you can enjoy the blue sea.
KALAMITSI (Settlement) HALKIDIKI
Kalamitsi is a settlement on the shore of a beautiful bay which consists of many
small beaches, now equipped with campaign sides, restaurants, rent rooms etc.
PIGADAKIA (Settlement) HALKIDIKI
Pigadaki is the name of the tiny settlement of eight inhabitants which surrounds
the picturesque port of Sikia
and now boasts several fish tavernas.
PORTO KOUFO (Port) HALKIDIKI
Photo Album in URL, information in Greek only.
TORONI (Village) HALKIDIKI
Toroni stretches northwards along the beach from the ancient Acropolis of Likythos
Its 239 inhabitants mostly occupy themselves with the tourist trade running seafront
rent rooms and fish tavernas.
KALIKRATIA (Municipality) HALKIDIKI
PALINI (Municipality) HALKIDIKI
TRIGLIA (Municipality) HALKIDIKI
OLYNTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
SERMYLI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
TORONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A titular see in Macedonia,
suffragan of Thessalonica.
Torone was a colony of Chalcideans from Euboea,
on the southwest coast of the peninsula Sithonia,
the modern name of which is Longos; this is the middle peninsula of Chalcidice,
lying between the Toronaic Gulf, called today Cassandra,
and the Gulf of Singitticus
(Mt. Athos). Built on a hill, in a fine situation, it had a harbour called Kophos
(deaf), because the sound of the sea-waves could not be heard there, thus giving
rise to the proverb: “Deafer than the port of Torone.”
Torone had thirty small cities under its government; like the other
Grecian cities of the region, it furnished Xerxes with men and ships. After the
Persian War it passed under the rule of Athens.
In 424 B.C., the Olynthian Lysistratus, opened its gates to Brasidas; it was shortly
afterwards retaken by Cleon. After the peace of Nicias it was ceded to the Athenians;
in 379 B.C. it was taken by Agesipolas; in 364-3, by the Athenian Timotheus; in
349-8, by Philip, who annexed it with the other cities of Chalcidice
to his own kingdom. In 169 Torone repelled an attack made by the Roman fleet.
Since then history is silent about this city, which Pliny calls a free city. Its
ruins, in the vilayet of Salonica,
still bear the ancient name, pronounced by the Greeks, Toroni.
As an episcopal see, Torone does not appear in any of the “Notitia
episcopatuum,” and we know of no bishop of the diocese.
S. Petrides, ed.
Transcribed by: John Fobian
This text is cited June 2003 from The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent online edition URL below.
AFYTIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Identified by Leake with Athytos near the modern village of Nea Phlogita
on the E side of the Kassandra peninsula. Herodotos names it as one of the cities
of Pallene (Phlegra) from which Xerxes' fleet took ships and men. A Sanctuary
of Dionysos there is mentioned by Xenophon. Local coins bearing the head of Zeus
Ammon were first issued in 424 B.C.
M. H. Mc Allister, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
MENDI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
A city on the peninsula of Pallene located on the Thermaic Gulf near
the modern village of Kalandra. According to Thucydides (4.123.1) it was founded
by Eretria probably in the 8th c. It later founded colonies of its own: Neapolis
on the E coast of Pallene (ATL I 354) and Eion (Thuc. 4.7). An important trading
city, Mende's best known commodity was its wine which was famed (Athen. I 29,d,e)
and sent out all over the Mediterranean. It is likely that Mende also dealt in
grain and wood.
Mende's wealth is indicated by the high amounts of tribute paid to
the Delian Confederacy: 8 talents until 451-450 and then again after 438-437 with
fluctuations in between of from 5 to 9 talents. In the Peloponnesian War Mende
originally sided with Athens, then on the urging of the oligarchs went over to
Brasidas (Thuc. 4.123), but eventually returned to Athens (Thuc. 4. 129ff). It
is not mentioned in connection with the Peace of Nikias. From 415-414 Mende again
appears in the Athenian Tribute Lists. By 404 the city was minting copper on the
Phoenician standard.
Little is known of the city in the 4th c. except that it engaged in
a war with Olynthos (Arist., Oec. 2. 1350a. 11ff). The city was not destroyed
by Philip II but lost its importance with the founding of Kassandreia nearby in
315. Livy (31.45.14) calls Mende a maritimus vicus of Kassandreia.
Mendean amphoras, which carried its famed wine, have been found throughout
the Mediterranean. Silver coinage began in Mende in the 6th c. on the Euboic standard
and featured various Dionysiac symbols. Mende's most famous citizen was the renowned
5th c. sculptor Paionios if, as seems likely, the Mende in Thrace which Pausanias
(5.10.8) gives as that artist's home is in fact the Chalkidean city.
No systematic excavations have been carried out at the site nor are
there any substantial remains preserved. The section of fortification wall seen
in 1923 by B. D. Meritt is no longer to be found and the blocks have reportedly
been carried off for reuse by villagers. The outline of the acropolis is unmistakable,
however. There is a sheer drop on the S to the sea, a steep decline on the E,
a ravine on the W, and a gentler but discernible slope off to the N. A few architectural
blocks and quantities of pottery from archaic to Hellenistic date at the site
are the chief indications of ancient habitation.
S. G. Miller, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
MIKYVERNA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
The port town of Olynthos. The mound lies close to the shore, controlling
two coves with wide beaches separated by an artificial mole. Early archaic remains
were found in houses destroyed by fire, perhaps by retreating Persians in 479
B.C. Although the later row-houses along the N-S oriented streets were simple
in plan, without courts or paved floors, the finds in them were fully comparable
to those from contemporary Olynthos. The town was occupied by Philip before 348
B.C., but was probably not abandoned until the inhabitants moved to Kassandreia,
soon after that town was founded in 316 B.C.
M. H. Mc Allister, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
OLYNTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
About 3 km inland from the Bay of Terone and some 64 km SE of Thessalonika.
Part of the site was inhabited in the Late Neolithic period but not in the Bronze
Age. Continuously from perhaps as early as 1000 B.C. there was a small Iron Age
settlement consisting, at least in part, of Boiotians. In 479 it was captured
and turned over by the Persians to Terone and the Chalkidians. It appears on the
tribute lists of the Delian League from 454 on (paying 2 talents) but in 432,
encouraged by Macedon, it revolted and received a large accession of population
from other revolting Chalkidic coastal cities. It was almost certainly at that
time that the Chalkidic state (league) was formed and that a large new section
of the city was laid out to accommodate the increased population. Olynthos weathered
the Peloponnesian War successfully and about 389 B.C. made a treaty with Amyntas
III of Macedon. Its growing prosperity and power led to an attack by Sparta and,
after a lengthy siege, to its capitulation in 379 B.C. Though forced to become
temporarily an ally of Sparta, its economy seems not to have suffered severely.
At any rate Philip II, after his succession to the throne of Macedon in 360, seems
to have found it expeditious to conclude a treaty (357) with the Chalkidians,
a fragmentary copy of which was found close to the site. By his adroit political
maneuvers Philip kept Olynthos and Athens from combining against him until 349
when open war broke out. Despite the Olynthiacs of Demosthenes, Athenian aid proved
too little and too late; the city fell in 348 and was destroyed by the Macedonians.
Coins indicate a slight continued habitation or rehabitation of a few poor houses
at the extreme N end of the N Hill as late as ca. 316 B.C. when the few survivors
were no doubt among those Olynthians settled by Kassander at Kassandreia on the
site of Poteidaia (Diod. Sic. 19.52).
Four expeditions between 1928 and 1938 uncovered a part of the S Hill
(the site of the older town, with small irregular houses and slight remains of
at least one public building), and about a quarter of the N Hill and slopes to
the E (the site of the new housing district and of a stoa-like public building).
The district was laid out on a very regular Hippodamian plan. Blocks of 300 Ionic
feet (300 x 29.5 cm) E-W x 120 feet N-S were divided into two rows of five houses,
each house approximately 60 feet square. Normal streets were 17 feet wide but
Avenue B, the main N-S street, was 24 feet--the extra 7 feet being deducted from
the length of the A blocks. The hundred-odd house plans recovered, including five
complete blocks (50 houses) provide the best evidence available for the form of
the Hellenic house (430-348 B.C.). Each block was evidently built as a unit with
continuous rubble foundation walls, and the individual houses, though no two are
exactly alike, conform to a general pattern with court on the S and portico on
at least the N side off which most of the principal rooms open; this S orientation,
for shelter in winter, agrees with the prescriptions for domestic architecture
given by Xenophon and Aristotle.
A typical house (A vii 4) has a porch (prothyron) opening from the
street on the S into the SW corner of a cobble-paved court (aule) in the middle
of the S side of the house (but the entrance is never axial). To the W of the
court is a large storeroom or, possibly, shop; to the E is a cement-floored dining
room (andron) with its anteroom; to the N is the broad portico (pastas--first
identified at Olynthos) with a small storeroom at its E end. Off the N side of
the pastas opens a series of rooms including a kitchen (ipnon), with flue (kapnodoke)
and a cement-floored bathroom (balaneion) with built-in clay tub. A second story
(with bedrooms?) was reached by wooden stairs from the court. The walls were of
adobe brick on rubble foundations; the roof was sloping and tiled. The finest
house discovered, the Villa of Good Fortune, measures about 85 x 55 feet; in addition
to the pastas there were narrower and shorter porticos on the other three sides;
pebble mosaic floors adorned four of the rooms, those in the andron and its anteroom
having both patterns and mythological scenes (Dionysos in chariot; Thetis bringing
armor to Achilles); the others bear inscriptions (Agathe tuche, Eutuchia kale,
Aphrodite kale).
The Olynthos mosaics, occurring principally in the andron, occasionally
in the court or the pastas, constitute the most extensive and finest group of
Greek pebble mosaics known in the period of the late 5th and early 4th c. B.C.
Some sixteen inscriptions found in the houses give information regarding the sale,
mortgage, or rental of houses, and mention values from 230 to 5300 drachmas.
Public buildings so far discovered are few and unimportant: on the
S Hill a fountain house and some remains of a larger structure; on the N Hill,
at the E end of Block A iv, another fountain house, a building with a central
row of Doric columns, and traces of what was apparently a stoa facing S on a large
open space probably reserved for an agora to be enclosed eventually by other public
buildings. A city wall of adobe brick on rubble foundations was traced along part
of the W and N sides of the N Hill (at the rear of the houses). Two fairly extensive
cemeteries with both inhumation (ca. 90 percent) and cremation burials were excavated,
and a plundered stone chamber tomb was cleared on a hill to the W of the site.
Most of the finds (large amounts of pottery, figurines, loom weights,
grain mills, and other household objects) are housed in the archaeological museum
in Thessalonika. The large numbers of Chalkidic silver tetradrachmas, tetrobols,
and other coins (many found in hoards concealed in the houses) are in the Numismatic
Museum in Athens.
J. W. Graham, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains 5 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
On the isthmus of the Pallene peninsula, the modern Kassandra. Though
founded by Corinth ca. 600 B.C., an earlier settlement on the site cannot be discounted.
The city experienced a high degree of development and played a prominent role
in the major events of Classical Greece until it was captured by Philip II in
356 B.C. and was handed over to the Olynthians.
With the destruction of Olynthos by Philip in 348 B.C., Poteidaia
came under the direct dominion of Macedonia. In 316 B.C., Kassander founded on
the same site a new city and named it Kassandreia. He included in his city additional
land and provided for the settlement of Poteidaians, Olynthian survivors, and
others from neighboring towns. Kassandreia soon became one of the most prosperous
and powerful cities in Macedonia during the Hellenistic period and continued to
play an important role during Roman times, especially after it received Roman
colonists, the privilege of jus Italicum, and the right to coin money. In A.D.
269, it repulsed an attack of the Goths and, finally, was destroyed by the Huns
and Slavs in A.D. 539-40. It seems to have accepted Christianity at an early period
and served as the see of a bishop.
In spite of the prominence of the two cities and the length of their
historical existence, the literary evidence that has survived is scanty and disconnected.
The most important references for Poteidaia are to be found in Herodotos, Thucydides,
Xenophon, and Demosthenes, while for Kassandreia there are references in Diodoros,
Polybios, Livy, Pliny the Elder, and Procopius. Other writers add but little to
our knowledge of either city. The archaeological record of the site, however,
though limited thus far mainly to chance finds and a mass of material (mostly
architectural) unearthed during the cutting of the canal through the isthmus in
1935-37, is impressive enough in its content and variety.
Archaeologically, Poteidaia is best represented by a good number of
silver and bronze coins, the foundations of a treasury at Delphi, several bronzes
in the British Museum, and a few terracottas (including a 4th c. life-size female
protome of clay), and a 4th c. Apollo relief. As for Kassandreia, the discovery
of the ruins of a temple attributed to Poseidon deserves special mention. Other
important finds include inscriptions, coins of the Roman period, and several sculptural
fragments. Two Latin inscriptions provide information regarding Roman magistracies
in the city and the presence of two Roman tribes, the Papiria and the Romilia.
A bilingual inscription commemorating the construction of a gymnasium is also
worth mentioning.
The finds from the site, which are now at the elementary school at
Nea Poteidaia and at the Thessalonika Museum, are to be transferred to the recently
erected museum at Polygyros, the capital of Chalkidike.
Valuable contributions to our knowledge of the two cities have been
made by discoveries in other sites of the mainland and the islands where the Kassandreians,
especially, are recorded as participants in some form of activity or as recipients
of honors, such as proxeny and theorodicy.
J. A. Alexander, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
SKIONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A city near the end of the Pallene peninsula E of Mende. The importance
of the town, which figured in the Peloponnesian War, is indicated by the high
assessment assigned to it in the Athenian tribute lists. The mound of ruins marking
the site lies between Cape Paliuri and Cape Kassandra.
M. H. Mc Allister, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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