Listed 30 sub titles with search on: Information about the place for wider area of: "ADANA Province TURKEY" .
ADANA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Adana: Eth. Adaneus, a town of Cilicia, which keeps its ancient name, on
the west side of the Sarus, now the Syhoon or Syhan. It lay on the military road
from Tarsus to Issus, in a fertile country. There are the remains of a portico.
Pompey settled here some of the Cilician pirates whom he had compelled to submit.
(Appian, Mith. 96.) Dion Cassius (xlvii. 31) speaks of Tarsus and Adana being
always quarrelling.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANAZARVOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Anazarbus (Anazarbos, Anazarba: Eth. Anazarbeus, Anazarbenus), a city
of Cilicia, so called, according to Stephanus, either from an adjacent mountain
of the same name, or from the founder, Anazarbus. It was situated on the Pyramus,
and 11 miles from Mopsuestia, according to the Peutinger Table. Suidas (s. v.
Kuinda) says that the original name of the place was Cyinda or Quinda; that it
was next called Diocaesarea; and (s. v. Anazarbos) that having been destroyed
by an earthquake, the emperor Nerva sent thither one Anazarbus, a man of senatorial
rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his own name. All this cannot be true,
as Valesius (Amm. Marc. xiv. 8) remarks, for it was called Anazarbus in Pliny's
time. Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides
is not certain.
Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum, and there are many medals
of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus.
On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of Cilicia Secunda, with
the title of Metropolis. It suffered dreadfully from an earth-quake both in
the time of Justinian, and, still more, in the reign of his successor Justin.
The site of Anazarbus, which is said to be named Anawasy or Amnasy,
is described (London Geoq. Journ. vol. vii. p. 421), but without any exact description
of its position, as containing ruins backed by an isolated mountain, bearing
a castle of various architecture. It seems not unlikely that this mountain may
be Cyinda, which, in the time of Alexander and his successors, was a deposit
for treasure. (Strab. p. 672; Diod. xviii. 62, xix. 56; Plut. Eumen. c. 13.)
Strabo, indeed, places Cyinda above Anchiale; but as he does not mention Anazarbus,
this is no great difficulty; and besides this, his geography of Cilicia is not
very exact. If Pococke's account of the Pyramus at Anawacsy being called Quinda
is true, this is some confirmation of the hill of Anazarbus being Quinda. It
seems probable enough that Quinda is an old name, which might be applied to
the hill fort, even after Anazarbus became a city of some importance. An old
traveller (Willebrand v. Oldenburg), quoted by Forbiger, found, at a place called
Naversa (manifestly a corruption of Anazarbus) or Anawasy, considerable remains
of an old town, at the distance of 8 German miles from Sis.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
EGEA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Aegae in Asia (Aigai, Aigaial, Ainxai: Eth. Aigaios, Ainxhates; Ayas
Kala, or Kalassy), a town on the coast of Cilicia, on the north side of the bay
of Issus. It is now separated from the outlet of the Pyramus (Jyhoon) by a long
narrow aestuary called Ayas Bay. In Strabo's time it was a small city with a port.
(Comp. Lucan, iii. 227.) Aegae was a Greek town, but the origin of it is unknown.
A Greek inscription of the Roman period has been discovered there (Beaufort, Karamania,
p. 299); and under the Roman dominion it was a place of some importance. Tacitus
calls it Aegeae (Ann. xiii. 8.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
FLAVIOPOLIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Flaviopolis (Phlabiopolis or Phlaouiopolis), a town of Cilicia, to
the west of Tarsus. From coins found at Ushak, it is manifest that this place
occupies the site of the ancient Flaviopolis. Respecting its history scarcely
anything is known, and it cannot be ascertained whether it owed its name to the
emperor Vespasian, or to some member of the family of Constantine. In later times
it was the see of a Christian bishop. (Ptol. v. 8. § 6; Arundell, Asia Minor,
vol. i. p. 116.)
MAGARSOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Magarsus, or Megarsus (Magarsa, Magarsos, Megarsos), a town in the
eastern part of Cilicia, situated on a height close to the mouth of the river
Pyramus. (Strab. xiv. p. 676.) Alexander, previous to the battle of Issus, marched
from Soli to Megarsus, and there offered sacrifices to Athena Megarsis, and to
Amphilochus, the son of Amphiaraus, the reputed founder of the place. (Arrian,
Anab. ii. 5.) It seems to have formed the port of Mallus (Steph. Byz. s. v. Magarsos;
Lycoph. 439; Plin. H. N. v. 22). The hill on which the town stood now bears the
name of Karadash, and vestiges of ancient buildings are still seen upon it. (Leake,
Asia Minor, p. 215, foil.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
MALLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Mallus (Mallos: Eth. Mallotes), an ancient city of Cilicia, which,
according to tradition, was founded in the Trojan times by the soothsayers Mopsus
and Amphilochus. (Strab. xiv. p. 67 5, &c.; Arrian, Anab. ii. 5.) It was situated
near the mouth of the river Pyramus, on an eminence opposite to Megarsus, as we
must infer from Curtius (iii. 7), who states that Alexander entered the town after
throwing a bridge across the Pyramus. Mallus therefore stood on the eastern bank
of the river. According to Scylax (p. 40) it was necessary to sail up the river
a short distance in order to reach Mallus; and Mela (i. 13) also states that the
town is situated close upon the river; whence Ptolemy (v. 8. § 4) must be mistaken
in placing it more than two miles away from the river. Mallus was a town of considerable
importance, though it does not appear to have possessed any particular attractions.
Its port-town was Magarsa, though in later times it seems to have had a port of
its own, called Portus Palorum (Geogr. Nub. p.195; Sanut. Secret. Fid. ii. 4,
26, whence we learn that in the middle ages it continued to be called Malo; comp.
Callim. Fragm. 15; Appian, Mithrid. 96; Dionys. Per. 875; Ptol. viii. 17. § 44;
Plin. H. N. v. 22; Stadiasm. Mar. M. §§ 151, 152; Leake, Asia Minor, pp. 216,
&c.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
MOPSOUESTIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Mopsuestia (Mopsou hestia or Mopsouestia: Eth. Mopseates), a considerable
town in the extreme east of Cilicia, on the river Pyramus, and on the road from
Tarsus to Issus. In the earlier writers the town is not mentioned, though it traced
its origin to the ancient soothsayer Mopsus; but Pliny (v. 22), who calls it Mopsos,
states that in his time it was a free town. (Comp. Strab. xiv. p. 676; Cic. ad
Farm. iii. 8; Steph. B. s. v.; Procop. de Aed. v. 5; Amm. Marc. xiv. 8; Phot.
Cod. 176; Ptol. v. 8. § 7; It. Ant. p. 705; Hierocl. p. 705; It. Hieros. p. 680,
where it is called Mansista.) A splendid bridge across the Pyramus was built at
Mopsuestia by the emperor Constantius. (Malala, Chron. xiii.) It was situated
only 12 miles from the coast, in a fertile plain, called Aleion pedion. (Arrian,
Anab. ii. 5; Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 872.) In the middle ages the name of the
place was corrupted into Mamista; its present name is Messis or Mensis. Ancient
remains are not mentioned, and travellers describe Mensis as a dirty and uninteresting
place. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 217; Otter's Reisen, i. c. 8.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
EGEA (Ancient city) TURKEY
A seaport town of Cilicia.
MALLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
(Mallos). A very ancient city of Cilicia, on a hill east of the mouth of the river Pyramus, said to have been founded at the time of the Trojan War by Mopsus and Amphilochus.
MOPSOUESTIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
(Mopsou hestia, also Mopsou polis and Mopsos). Now Messis; an important city of
Cilicia Campestris, on both banks of the river Pyramus, twelve Roman miles from
its mouth, on the road from Tarsus to Issus, in the beautiful plain called to
Aleion pedion, was a civitas libera under the Romans. The two parts of the city
were connected by a handsome bridge built by Constantius over the Pyramus. In
ecclesiastical history, it is notable as the birthplace of Theodore of Mopsuestia.
In the Middle Ages it was called Mampsista.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
MOPSOUESTIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Total results on 23/5/2001: 9
ADANA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Adana. A diocese of Armenian rite in Asia Minor (Asiatic Turkey). This ancient
Phoenician colony "of willows" is situated about nineteen miles from the sea,
on the right bank of the Sarus, or Seyhoun, in the heart of Cilicia Campestris.
It was once a part of the kingdom of the Seleucidae, and after the passing of
Antiochus Epiphanes it took (171 n. C.) the name of Antioch of Sarus. Later it
received from Emperor Hadrian (117-138) the title of Hadriana and from Emperor
Maximianus that of Maximiana. It has some political importance as capital of thevilayet
or district. Adana appears in the fourth century as a see subject to the metropolitan
of Tarsus and the patriarch of Antioch. In the Middle Ages the Greek hierarchy
disappeared, and is now represented in Cilicia by only one prelate who styles
himself Metropolitan of Tarsus and Adana, and resides in the latter town. Most
of his diocesans are foreigners, and come from Cappadocia or the Archipelago.
They are much attached to Hellenism, and desire to be under the patriarchate of
Constantinople and not of Antioch. They even live in open strife with the latter,
since the election (1899) of an Arabic-speaking prelate. In medieval times Adana,
deprived of a Greek bishop, had an Armenian one, subject to the Catholics of Sis.
The first of this line known to history is a certain Stephen, who distinguished
himself in 1307 and 1316. Under him a great national Armenian council (the last
of its kind), attended by the patriarch and the king, the clergy and the nobility,
was held at Adana (1316). Thirty years earlier, in 1286, another Armenian council
met for forty days in Adana for the purpose of electing the Catholics Constantine
and to dispose of several other questions. Today the Armenians of Adana are divided
into Gregorians, Catholics, and Protestants. For the Gregorians it is the centre
of one of the fourteen or fifteen districts governed by the Catholics of Sis;
he is represented in Adana by a bishop. For the Catholics there is an episcopal
see at Adana. As regards Protestants, Adana is a mission station of the Central
Turkey Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (about
1,000 members). The Reformed Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) holds it as a missionary
station attended from Tarsus. There are, moreover, at Adana some Maronite and
Syrian merchants and some Europeans employed in various capacities. The total
population amounts to about 45,000 inhabitants during the two or three months
when the decortication and the cleaning of cotton attract a great many workers.
During the rest of the year the population does not exceed 30,000 inhabitants,
viz.: 14,000 Mussulmans, 12,575 Armenians, 3,425 Greeks, and a few others. There
are in the town 18 mosques, 37 medresses, and 8 tekkes, 2 Armenian churches, 1
Latin church, 1 Greek church, and 1 Protestant church; 29 Turkish schools of which
28 are elementary schools and one is secondary, 2 Greek schools, 1 Armenian school,
1 Protestant school, and 2 French educational establishments one for boys directed
by the Jesuit Fathers, the other for girls, under the Sisters of St. Joseph of
Lyons. The latter includes a day-school and a boarding-school.
J. Pargoire, ed.
This text is cited June 2004 from The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent online edition URL below.
ANAZARVOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
IEROPOLIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Besides Comana Cappadociae, there was also Comana Pontica surnamed Hierocaesarea and was situated in Pontus .
ADANA (Ancient city) TURKEY
In the center of the alluvial plain at the main crossing of the river
Seyhan (Sarus), it is ca. 32 km E of Tarsus. Although the place was almost certainly
an important city in Pre-Hellenic times, and would have been the logical place
for Xenophon and the Ten Thousand to cross over the Sarus, Adana appears first
in literature only in the time of Alexander the Great and as Antiochea ad Sarum
when Cilicia was under the suzerainty of Antiochus Epiphanes in the 2d c. B.C.
After Pompey's victory at Korakesion, Adana was settled by "reformed"
ex-pirates who proved themselves such successful farmers that under the Roman
Empire the city was celebrating "holy ecumenical Dionysia" (Dionysos
Kallikarpos was much venerated in the cities of the fertile Cilician plain). With
its occupation by the Parthians in A.D. 260, Adana lost semiautonomous status,
but became a bishopric of Cilicia Prima with the emancipation of the church. Taken
by the Arabs in the 7th c., it was recaptured for Christendom by Nikephoros Phokas
in 964.
Of classical monuments in Adana only the great bridge over the Sarus,
restored by Justinian and recently widened by the Turkish authorities, remains
intact. On the citadel, and wherever foundations are prepared for new buildings,
architectural fragments and mosaic floors of the ancient city tend to be exposed.
Local brickwork is still Roman in type.
M. Gough, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ANAZARVOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
On the right bank of the Sumbas Cay, a tributary of the Ceyhan (Pyramos),
ca. 40 km NE of Adana. Probably subject earlier in the 1st c. B.C. to the dynasty
of Tarcondimotos, who ruled from Hieropolis Castabala, the city was refounded
in 19 B.C., following a visit by Augustus, as Caesarea by Anazarbos. Such was
its importance and subsequent prosperity that during the 3d c. it was the keen
rival of Tarsus, the provincial metropolis, and it claimed the same grandiloquent
honorific titles, even to the extent of naming Elagabalos in 221 as deiniurgus
of the city. By way of revenge, Tarsus later chose Alexander Severus to hold the
same office there. During the reorganization of the provinces under Diocletian,
Anazarbos was confirmed as metropolis of Cilicia Secunda; but after a devastating
earthquake in the 6th c. it was again refounded, this time as Justinianopolis.
After its capture and occupation by the Arabs, Anazarbos (now renamed 'Ayn Zarba)
was fortified in 796 by Harun-ar-Rashid; but the city was conquered for Byzantium
by Nikephoros Phokas in his campaign of 962. Later, in the 12th c., the place
was the temporary capital of the Kingdom of Little Armenia, and its life ended
only with its fall to the Mainelukes in 1375.
The acropolis of Anazarbos, an imposing limestone outcrop ca. 200
m high, rises like an island out of the surrounding plain, and it was immediately
at the foot of its precipitous W face that the walled city was founded. The lower
Roman courses of these walls and their later mediaeval accretions are visible
to this day. Outside the city, and less than a km S of it, is the elliptical amphitheater
(part freestanding and part backing onto the crag), in which, according to the
circumstantial and topographically accurate account in Acta Sanctorum, Tarachus,
Probus, and Andronicus were martyred in the persecutions. NE of this amphitheater
is the stadium with a central concrete spina and rock-cut terraces for spectators,
a theater with a wide vista W over the plain, and an extensive necropolis. From
behind the theater a rock stairway gives access to the summit of the crag on which
stands the massively imposing fortress, nearly 1 km long from N to S, where the
Byzantine and Armenian ramparts and military quarters stand in part on Roman foundations.
Zeus, as the Storm-god, was certainly worshiped at Anazarbos; and as city coins
exist with the god's bust against a fortress-crowned rock, a castle must have
existed on the crag from Roman times at least. At the S end of the main street,
which was flanked by continuous colonnades, is a magnificent triumphal arch of
probable Severan date. On its S facade, each of three openings was emphasized
by a pair of black granite columns, above which was a frieze of "peopled"
acanthus scroll-work. To either side of the high central arch on the N facade
was a niche for statuary.
N of the triumphal arch, the cardo is traceable for just under 1 km
where it crosses the line of the probable decumanus, another street flanked by
columns of reddish conglomerate. As in other Cilician and Syrian cities, some
of the columns carry brackets, probably to support statuary. Some 220 m NW of
the street crossing is a bath building of concrete faced with brick. From 450
m N of the probable limit of the mediaeval city wall, a fine aqueduct dedicated
in A.D. 90 to Domitian by the people of Caesarea (Anazarbos) runs NW over the
plain to the headwaters of the Sumbas Cay. E of arches farthest S is evidence
of a huge decastyle Corinthian temple, very possibly the one featured on an Anazarbene
coin of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
M. Gough, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
AVGOUSTA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Just over 16 km N of Adana in a loop of the river Seyhan (Sarus),
and at the W end of a narrow plain bounded N and S by low hills. With the Roman
urbanization of the E Cilician plain after the fall of the Tarcondimotid house
in A.D. 17, the city (named for Livia, the widow of Augustus) was founded in A.D.
20. Represented at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the city probably did not
long survive, as an important center, the Moslem invasion of Cilicia in the 7th
c.
The site, discovered by chance in 1955, was identified by ancient
literary references and from the presence there, and in the neighboring village
of Gube, of local semiautonomous coins of Augusta. In the same year (1955) Gube,
and with it the ruins of Augusta, disappeared below the waters of the Seyhan dam,
but not before the site had been partially surveyed and individual buildings planned.
Among these were the foundations of a triumphal arch, two colonnaded streets crossing
each other at right angles in the manner typical of town planning in Roman Cilicia,
a theater, a civic basilica, some shops, a bath building, and a dam on the river.
These structures were all of brick and mortar, and probably of 3d c. date.
M. Gough, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
FLAVIOPOLIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
Almost certainly identifiable with modern Kadirli on the river Savrun
at the NE corner of the plain and ca. 160 km from Adana. Kozan (120 km NE of Adana)
is out of the question since it has virtually no pre-Armenian remains and no trace
of an ancient road thither from the ruins of Anazarbos (Anavarza) 35 km S. According
to the Antonine Itinerary, however, Flaviopolis was the first city from Anazarbos
on the road N to Kokossos (Goksun), and a stretch of this road, with milestones
in situ, still exists. Also, ca. 5 km N of Anavarza, a Roman bridge spans the
Savrun at Tozlu and a number of inscriptions were found there in 1949. Most scholars
agree on the identification of Flaviopolis with Kadirli, for epigraphic evidence
there proves the existence of a city whose magistrates were demiurgi.
Flaviopolis was founded in A.D. 74 by Vespasian, as part of an imperial
program for the urbanization of the Cilician Plain. Until then the rural hinterland,
as well as the city of Anazarbos, was probably administered by the Tracondimotid
dynasty from Hieropolis Castabala. Some mosaic floors, inscriptions, and building
blocks have been found at Kadirli, and a 6th c. church has been excavated. Flaviopolis
was bishopric of Cilicia Secunda in the Christian era.
M. Gough, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
IEROPOLIS (Ancient city) TURKEY
In the valley of the Sarus (Goksu), in the deep glens of the Antitauros.
It is probably Hittite Kummani, religious center with goddess Hepat. By Hellenistic
times Comana, with Comana Pontica, was one of the two cult centers of the Goddess
Ma, equated by Strabo with Enyo. The city, chief town of the strategia of Cataonia,
was ruled by the chief priest, who ranked second after the king of Cappadocia
and was generally of the royal f amily. Strabo states that the temple servants
numbered 6000 and also implies a lay population (12.2.2); an inscription by the
demos honors King Archelaos and a gerousia is also attested. Roman period inscriptions
refer to the city as Hieropolis. Then as in the Byzantine period it was evidently
prosperous but not important.
The small town center, unwalled as befits a holy place, did not hold
the whole population. The fertile valleys for miles around bear traces of ancient
occupation. Principal standing monuments are the Ala Kapi, a tetrastyle prostyle
temple of the 2d c. A.D., the Kirik Kilise, 4th c. A.D. heroon of the senator
Aurelius Claudius Hermodorus, a theater, and a number of churches and chapels.
Outside the town are hundreds of tumulus graves. A number of sculptured and inscribed
monuments are housed in the Adana Museum.
R. P. Harper, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
MALLOS (Ancient city) TURKEY
The probable site, discovered in 1950 at the junction of the old and
new beds of the river Ceyhan (Pyramos), is 29 km SW of Mopsuestia near modern
Kiziltahta. A city coin type of two river gods swimming in opposite directions
was a useful clue to identification; for while the Ceyhan now flows E into the
Gulf of Issos, the city's port of Magarsos is almost certainly the walled settlement
near Karatas, at the mouth of the river's original (though now dry) W course.
Near Kiziltahta were found a Roman bridge, an inscription referring to the city
of Mallos, and very numerous carved blocks in secondary use.
Mallos' claim to Amphilochos, son of Amphiaraos, as founder was partly
substantiated by long and vigorous tradition and partly by Alexander's remission
of tribute after his conquest of Cilicia in recognition of the city's Argive origin.
For its fidelity to the Seleucid cause, Mallos became Antioch on the Pyramos under
Antiochos IV, but dropped the title in the 2d c. B.C. to enjoy a limited autonomy.
In 67 B.C. it was among the cities settled by Pompey with ex-pirates, and under
the empire piled up honorific titles to keep up with its rivals. It even engaged
in a ridiculous boundary dispute with Tarsus, metropolis of Cilicia Prima. It
duly became a bishopric, but disappeared from history after the Arab conquest.
M. Gough, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
MOPSOUESTIA (Ancient city) TURKEY
Some 19 km E of Adana and sited at a most important crossing of the
Ceyhan (Pyramos) where the foothills of the Jebel-i-Nur most nearly approach the
river. Two km NE it is dominated by the limestone outcrop crowned today by the
12th c. castle known as Yilan Kale, a fortress of the Little Armenian kingdom.
Its legendary founder Mopsos, whose wanderings in Cilicia and Syria
are an early feature of Greek mythology, appears in the literary sources and may
have been a historic figure. Mopsukrene, near the Cilician Gates, adds substance
to the legend. The city was in Persian hands until Alexander's time, and was later
renamed Seleucea on the Pyramos for Seleucus IV Epiphanes. It was issuing semiautonomous
coinage by the 2d c. B.C., and in 67 B.C. adopted a new era to celebrate Pompey's
conquest of the Cilician pirates and their resettlement in such established cities
as Mopsuestia. It joined in the intercity rivalry of Roman Cilicia, styling itself
"free" and the center of "holy, ecumenical games," as well
as "Hadriane" in honor of the emperor. Captured by the Parthians in
260, it later became a Christian bishopric, the see of the famous Theodore, declared
a heretic after the Council of Chalcedon (451).
A magnificent Roman bridge, a theater, stadium, and colonnaded street
still exist, while W of the city mound is a huge basilican church with mosaics
(5th c?).
M. Gough, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Nov 2002 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
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