Εμφανίζονται 100 (επί συνόλου 214) τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Τοπωνύμια στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ Χώρα ΕΥΡΩΠΗ" .
ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟΥΠΟΛΗ (Πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Σχετική θέση: Αγνωστη θέση στην περιοχή της Αδριανούπολης.
ΠOΛITIKH IΣTOPIA - XPONOΛOΓIO: Μία προσθήκη στην αφήγηση σχετικά με την
εκστρατεία του Θεοδώρου B΄ στα 1255/6 εναντίον των Bουλγάρων μας πληροφορεί ότι
οι "Σκύθαι" (Κουμάνοι) της περιοχής Αδριανουπόλεως ηττήθηκαν από τον αυτοκράτορα
κοντά σε μία θέση, που ονομαζόταν από τους ντόπιους Bαρσακιναί. Το όνομα πρέπει
να είναι τουρκικής προέλευσης (κατά το 14ο-15ο αι. η ονομασία Bαρσακίδες ανήκε
σε κάποιο τουρκικό φύλο).
Αλλες γλωσσες: Το όνομα Bαρσακιναί πρέπει να είναι τουρκικής προέλευσης
(κατά το 14ο-15ο αι. η ονομασία Bαρσακίδες ανήκε σε κάποιο τουρκικό φύλο).
Συγγραφέας: Μ. Κορτζή - Β. Σιαμέτης
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Ιούνιο 2004 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Θρακικού Ηλεκτρονικού Θησαυρού
ΝΙΚΑΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Leucas (Leukas), a place in Bithynia, on the river Gallus, in the
south of Nicaea, is mentioned only by Anna Comnena (p. 470), but can be easily
identified, as its name Lefke is still borne by a neat little town in the middle
of the beautiful valley of the Gallus. (Leake, Asia Minor, pp. 12, 13.)
ΒΙΘΥΝΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Melaena (Melaina). A promontory of Bithynia, on the right hand on
sailing through the Bosporus into the Euxine, between the rivers Rheba and Artane.
(Apollon. Rhod. ii. 651; Orph. Argon. 716; Arrian, Peripl. p. 13; Marcian, p.
69.) In the anonymous Periplus of the Euxine (p. 2), it is called Kallinakron,
and Ptolemy (v. 1. § 5) calls it simply Bithunias akron. Its modern name is Tshili.
ΙΜΒΡΟΣ (Νησί) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Sarpedonium prom (Sarpedonie akre, Herod, vii. 58), the NW. extremity of the gulf of Melas, and due north of the eastern end of the island of Imbros, now Cape Paxi.
ΙΩΝΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Melaena (Melaina). A promontory of Ionia, forming the north-western
point of the peninsula which is traversed by Mount Mimas. It was celebrated in
ancient times for its quarries of millstones. (Strab. xiv. p. 645.) It is possible
that this promontory, which is now called Kara-Burun (the Black Cape), may be
the same as the one called by Pliny (v. 31) Corynaeum Promontorium, from the town
of Coryne, situated at the southern extremity of Mount Mimas
ΚΙΛΙΚΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Sarpedon (Sarpedon or Sarpedonia akra), a promontory on the coast
of Cilicia, 80 stadia to the west of the mouth of the Calycadnus, and 120 from
Seleuceia. In the peace between the Roumans and Antiochus the Great this promontory
and Cape Calycadnus were made the frontier between the kingdom of Syria and the
free countries of Asia Minor. (Strab. xiv. p. 670; Ptol. v. 8. § 3; Appian, Syr.
39; Pomp. Mela, i. 13; Liv. xxxviii. 38; Plin. v. 22; Stadiasm. Mar. Magni, §
163.) It now bears the name of Lissan-el-Kahpe. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 203.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Mylas or Myle (Mulas), a promontory on the coast of Cilicia, between cape Aphrodisias
in the west and cape Sarpedon in the east. On or close to it was a small town
of the same name (Plin. v. 22; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. §§ 165, 166.) As the Stadiasmus
calls Mylas a cape and chersonese, Leake (Asia Minor, p. 205) is inclined to identify
it with cape Cavaliere, which answers exactly to that description.
ΚΝΙΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Triopium (Triopion akron: C. Crio), the promontory at the eastern
extremity of the peninsula of Gnidus, forming at the same time the southwestern
extremity of Asia Minor. (Thucyd. viii. 35, 60; Scylax, p. 38; Pomp. Mela, i.
16.) On the summit of this promontory a temple of Apollo, hence called the Triopian,
seems to have stood, near which games were celebrated, whence Scylax calls the
promontory the akroterion hieron. According to some authorities the town of Cnidus
itself also bore the name of Triopium, having, it is said, been founded by Triopas.
(Steph. B. s. v. Triopion; Plin. v. 29, who calls it Triopia; Eustath. ad Horn.
Il. iv. 341)
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ΛΕΒΕΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Myonnesus (Muonnesos or Muonesos), a promontory on the south-west
of Lebedus, on the coast of Ionia, at the northern extremity of the bay of Ephesus.
It is celebrated in history for the naval victory there gained by the Romans under
L. Aemilius over Antiochus the Great, in B.C. 190. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. xiv.
p. 643; Thucyd. iii. 42; Liv. xxxvii. 27.) Livy describes the promontory as situated
between Samos and Teos, and as rising from a broad basis to a pointed summit.
There was an approach to it on the land side by a narrow path; while on the sea
side it was girt by rocks, so much worn by the waves, that in some parts the over-hanging
cliffs extended further into the sea than the ships stationed under them. On this
promontory there also was a small town of the name of Myonnesus (Steplh. B., Strab
ll. cc.), which belonged to Teos. The rocks of Myonnesus are now called Hypsilibounos.
Pliny (H. N. v. 37) mentions a small island of the name of Myonnesus near Ephesus,
which, together with two others, Anthinae and Diarrheusa, formed a group called
Pisistrati Insulae.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΛΥΚΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Siderus (Siderous), according to Scylax (p. 39) a promontory and a
port-town on the coast of Lycia. The same place seems to be meant in Stephanus
B. (s. v. Sidarous), when he calls Sidarus a town and harbour. Col. Leake (Asia
Minor, p. 189) has shown that the town of Siderus is in all probability no other
than Olympus, on the south of Phaselis.
ΜΥΝΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Scopia (Skopia akra), a headland on the west coast of Caria, to the west of Myndus,
and opposite the island of Cos. (Ptol. v. 2. § 10.) Strabo (xiv. p. 658) mentions
two headlands in the same vicinity, Astypalaea and Zephyrium, one of which may
possibly be the same as Scopia.
ΠΑΜΦΥΛΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Leucolla (Leukolla), a promontory on the south-east of Pamphylia, near the Cilician
frontier. (Plin. v. 26; Liv. xxvii. 23; Pomp. Mela, i. 15.) In the Stadiasmus
Maris Magni ( § § 190, 191) it is called Leucotheium (Leukotheion). Mela erroneously
places it at the extremity of the gulf of Pamphylia, for it is situated in the
middle of it; its modern name is Karaburnu. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 196.)
ΠΑΦΛΑΓΟΝΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Carambis (Karambis: Kerempe). a promontory of Asia Minor, in the Paphlagonia
of Strabo (p. 545), who describes it as a great headland, turned to the north
and to the Scythian or Tauric Chersonesus. He considers this promontory and the
promontory of Criou Metopon in the Tauric Chersonesus as dividing the Euxine into
two seas. He states (p. 124) the distance between the two promontories at 2500
stadia; but this must be an error in the text for 1500 stadia, as a comparison
with another passage (p. 309) seems to show; and the fact that many navigators
of the Euxine are said to have seen both promontories at once (see Groskurd's
note in his Transl. of Strabo, vol. i. p. 204). Pliny (iv. 12) makes the distance
170 M. P. This promontory of Carambis is mentioned by all the ancient geographers,
and by many other writers. Pliny (vi. 2) makes the distance of Carambis from the
entrance of the Pontus 325 M. P., or 350 M. P. according to some authorities.
The direct distance from Sinope, which is east of it, was reckoned 700 stadia;
but the true distance is about 100 English miles. Carambis is in 42° N. lat. and
a little more; and it is not so far north as the promontory Syrias or Lepte, which
is near Sinope.
There was also a place called Carambis near the promontory, mentioned
by Scylax and Pliny, though the name in Scylax is an emendation of thle MS. reading
Caramus; but it appears to be a certain emendation.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΣΙΓΕΙΟΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΡΩΑΣ
Mastusia (Mastousia akra: Capo Greco), the promontory at the southern extremity
of the Thracian Chersonesus, opposite to Sigeum. A little to the east of it was
the town of Elaeus. (Ptol. iii. 12. § 1; Plin. iv. 18; Mela, ii. 21; Tzetz. ad
Lycoph. 534, where it is called Maxousia.) The mountain in Ionia, at the foot
of which Smyrna was built, likewise bore the name of Mastusia. (Plin. v. 31.)
ΠΙΤΑΝΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Ο Στράβων αναφέρει ότι στην Πιτάνη υπάρχει κάποιος τόπος, που ονομάζεται "Αταρνεύς κάτω από την Πιτάνη" (Στράβ. 13.1.67).
Ο Στράβων αναφέρει το νησί Ελαιούσσα, που βρίσκεται απέναντι από την Πιτάνη (Στράβ. 13.1.67).
ΤΕΛΜΗΣΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Lagusa (Lagousa), one of a group of small islands in the bay of Telmissus
in Lycia, 5 stadia from Telmissus, and 80 from Cissidae. (Plin. v. 35 ; Steph.
B. s. v.; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 226, foll.) This island is generally considered
to be the same as the modern Panagia di Cordialissa.
ΑΓΚΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Macestus or Mecestus (Makestos or Mekestos), a tributary of the river
Rhyndacus: it took its origin in a lake near Ancyra, and, after flowing for some
distance in a western direction, it turned northward, and joined the Rhyndacus
a little to the north of Miletopolis. (Strab. xii. p. 576; Plin. v. 40.) It seems
to be the same river as the one called by Polybius Megistus (v. 77), though the
Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 1162) remarks, that in his time the Rhyndacus
itself bore that name. The lower part of the river now bears the name Susu or
Susugherli, while the upper part is called Simaul-Su. (Hamilton's Researches,
vol. ii. pp. 105, 111.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΖΑΝΙΤΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
ΑΙΝΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Stentoris lacus (Stentoris limne, Herod. vii. 58; Acropol. p. 64), a lake on the
south-east coast of Thrace, formed by the Hebrus, and opening into the Aegean
near the town of Aenos. Pliny (iv. 11. s. 18) incorrectly places on it a Stentoris
Portus; and Mannert conjectures that perhaps the right reading in Herodotus (l.
c.) is limena, not limnen.
ΑΜΙΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Ancon (Ankon), a headland and bay, as the name implies, on the coast
of Pontus, east of Amisus. It is mentioned by Valerius Flaccus (iv. 600) in his
Argonautica, after the Iris, as if it were east of the mouth of that river. Apollonius
Rhodius simply speaks of it as a headland (ii. 369). The ancient authorities do
not agree in the distances along this coast (Steph. s. v. Chadisia; Hamilton,
Researches, vol. i. p. 288). The conclusion of Hamilton seems to be the most probable,
that Derbend Bournou, east of Amisus, represents Ancon, as it is the first headland
east of Amisus, and the only place before reaching the mouth of the Iris where
a harbour can exist. He adds, that at the extremity of Derbend Bournou, a small
stream falls into the sea between two precipitous headlands, probably the Chadisius
of the ancients.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited October 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΑΝΕΜΟΥΡΙΟ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Platanus (Platanous), according to the Stadiasmus ( § § 178, 179),
a coast-town of Cilicia Aspera, 350 stadia west of Anemuriun. This distance is
incorrect. Beaufort remarks that between the plain of Selinti and the promontory
of Anamur, a distance of 30 miles, the ridge of bare rocky hills forming the coast
is interrupted but twice by narrow valleys, which conduct the mountain torrents
to the sea. The first of these is Kharadra; the other is halfway between that
place and Anamur. The latter, therefore, seems the site of Platanus, that is,
about 150 stadia from Anemurium. The whole of that rocky district, which was very
dangerous to navigators, seems to have derived the name of Platanistus (Strab.
xiv. p. 669) from Platanus. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 200).
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ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Daphne, a celebrated grove and sanctuary of Apollo, near Antioch in Syria. Both
locally and historically it was so closely connected with the Syrian metropolis,
that we can hardly consider the one without the other. We have seen that Antioch
was frequently called A. epi Daphei and he pros Daphnen, and conversely we find
Daphne entitled D. he pros Antiocheian. (Joseph. B. J. i. 12. § 5.) Though really
distant a few miles from Antioch, it was called one of its suburbs. If Antioch
has been compared to Paris, Daphne may be called its Versailles.
It was situated to the west, or rather to the south-west, of Antioch,
at a distance of about 5 miles, or 40 stadia, and on higher ground than the metropolis
itself (huperkeitai tettarakonta stadious he Daphne, Strab. xvi.). The place was
naturally of extreme beauty, with perennial fountains, and abundant wood.Here
a sanctuary was established, with the privileges of asylum (2 Macc. iv. 33; Polyaen.
viii. 50), which became famous throughout the heathen world, and remained for
centuries a place of pilgrimage, and the scene of an almost perpetual festival
of vice. The zeal with which Gibbon has described it, in his twenty-third chapter,
is well known.
Daphne, like Antioch, owed its origin to Seleucus Nicator; and, as
in the case of his metropolis, so he associated the religious suburb with mythological
traditions, which were intended to glorify his family. The fame of Apollo was
connected with his own. The fable of the river Peneus was appropriated; and the
tree was even shown into which the nymph Daphne was transformed.1 One of the fountains
received the name of the Castalian spring, and the chief honours of the new sanctuary
were borrowed from Delphi. In the midst of a rich and deep grove of bay trees
and cypresses (Procop. B. Pers. ii. 14), with baths, gardens, and colonnades on
every side, Seleucus built the temple of Apollo and Diana. The statue of the god
was colossal: its material was partly marble, and partly wood; the artist was
Bryaxis the Athenian, whose works were long celebrated at Rhodes and elsewhere.
(Clem. Alex. Protr. § 47.) It is described at length by Libanius (Monod. de Daphnaeo
Templo, iii. 334), who states that the god was represented with a harp, and as
if in the act of singing (eoikei aidonti melos). With the worship of Apollo Antiochus
Epiphanes associated that of Jupiter in the sanctuary of Daphne. This monarch
erected here, in honour of that divinity (with whom he was singularly fond of
identifying himself), a colossal statue of ivory and gold, resembling that of
Phidias at Olympia. Games also. were established in his honour, as may be seen
by extant coins of Antioch. (See Muller's Antiq. Antiochenae, p. 64, note 12.)
The games of Daphne are described in Athenaeus. (Ibid. note 13.) What has been
said may be enough to give the reader some notion of this celebrated place in
the time of the Seleucidae, and in its relation to the Oriental Greeks before
the Roman occupation of Syria. It ought to be added, that the road between Antioch
and Daphne, which passed through the intermediate suburb of Heracleia, was bordered
by gardens, fountains, and splendid buildings, suitable to the gay processions
that thronged from the city gate to the scene of consecrated pleasure.
The celebrity of Daphne continued unimpaired for a long period under
the Romans, from Pompey to Constantine. It seems to have been Pompey who enlarged
the dimensions of the sacred enclosure to the circumference of 80 stadia, or 10
miles, mentioned by Strabo (l. c.; see Eutrop. vi. 14). Some of the aqueducts
erected for the use of Antioch by the Roman emperors were connected with the springs
of Daphne. (Malala, pp. 243; 278.) The reign of Trajan was remarkable in the annals
of the place for the restoration of the buildings destroyed by an earthquake.
That of Commodus was still more memorable on account of the establishment (or
rather the re-establishment) of periodical Olympian games at Antioch; for the
stadium of Daphne was the scene of the festive contests. This was the time of
that corruption of manners (the Daphnici mores of Marcus Antoninus) under which
Roman soldiers and Roman emperors suffered so seriously in the Syrian metropolis.
The decay of Daphne must be dated from the reign of Julian, when the
struggle between Heathenism and Christianity was decided in favour of the latter.
Constantine erected a statue of Helena within the ancient sanctuary of Apollo
and Jupiter, and the great church at Antioch was roofed with cypresswood from
Daphne; which, about the reign of Zeno, fell into the condition of an ordinary
Syrian town.
It is needless to pursue the history further. Among modern travellers,
Pococke and Richter have fixed the site of Daphne at Beit-el-Maa, the distance
of which from Antakia agrees with the ancient measurement, and where some poor
remains are found near a number of abundant fountains. Forbiger (Alte Geographie,
vol. ii. p. 657) thinks with Kinneir that the true position is at Babyla; but,
though the apparent connection of this name with that of the martyr Babylas gives
some ground for this opinion, the distance from Antioch is too great; and the
former view is probably correct. No detailed account of the remains has been given.
Poujoulat says (Corr. d'Orient. viii. 38), A cote de la plus profonde fontaine
de Beit-el-moie, on remarque des debris massifs appartenant a un edifice des ages
recules: si jetais antiquaire et savant, je pourrais peut etre prouver que ces
restes sont ceux du Temple d'Apollon.
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Orontes. The largest river of Syria, rising in the Anti-Libanus, flowing past Antioch, and falling into the sea at the foot of Mount Pieria. Its earlier name was Typhon (Strabo, p. 750).
Orontes, the most renowned river of Syria, used by the poet Juvenal for the country, in Tiberim defluxit Orontes. (Juv. iii.) Its original name, according to Strabo, was Typhon (Tuphon), and his account both of its earlier and later names, follows his description of Antioch. The river Orontes flows near the city. This river rising in Coele-Syria, then sinking beneath the earth, again issues forth, and, passing through the district of Apamea to Antiocheia, after approaching the city, runs off to the sea towards Seleuceia. It received its name from one Orontes, who built a bridge over it, having been formerly called Typhon, from a mythic dragon, who being struck with lightning, fled in quest of a hiding-place, and after marking out the course of the stream with its trail, plunged into the earth, from whence forthwith issued the fountain. He places its embouchure 40 stadia from Seleuceia. He elsewhere places the source of the river more definitely near to Libanus and the Paradise, and the Egyptian wall, by the country of Apamea. Its sources have been visited and described in later times by Mr. Barker in 1835. The river is called by the people El-A/si, "the rebel," from its refusal to water the fields without the compulsion of water-wheels, according to Abulfeda (Tab. Syr. p. 149), but according to Mr. Barker, from its occasional violence and windings, during a course of about 200 miles in a northerly direction, passing through Hems and Hamah, and finally discharging itself into the sea at Suweidiah near Antioch. (Journal of the Geog. Soc. vol. vii. p. 99.) The most remote of these sources is only a few miles north of Baalbek, near a village called Labweh, at the foot of the range of Anti-libanus on the top of a hillock, near which passes a small stream, which has its source in the adjoining mountains, and after flowing for several hours through the plain, falls into the basin from which springs the Orontes. These fountains are about 12 hours north of Labweh, near the village Kurmul, where is a remarkable monument, square, and solid, terminating above in a pyramid from 60 to 70 feet high. On the four sides hunting scenes are sculptured in relief, of which the drawing borders on the grotesque. (Robinson, Journal of Geog. Soc. vol. xxiv. p. 32.) There can be no difficulty in connecting this monument with the Paradise or hunting park mentioned by Strabo near the source of the Orontes, similar, no doubt, in origin and character, to those with which the narrative of Xenophon abounds, within the territories of the Persian monarchs. The rise and course of this river and its various tributaries has been detailed by Col. Chesney (Expedition, vol. i. pp. 394--398), and the extreme beauty of its lower course between Antioch and the sea has been described in glowing terms by Captains Irby and Mangles.
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A small river of the plain of Antioch. (Strab. xvi. p. 751.) It runs
from the north, parallel to the Arceuthus and, mixing with its waters and those
of the Oenoparas coming from the east, in a small lake, they flow off in one stream
and join the Orontes a little above Antioch.
Oenobaras (Oinobaras or Oinoparas), a river of the plain of Antioch, in Syria, at which, according to Strabo (xvi. p. 751), Ptolemy Philometer, having conquered Alexander Balas in battle, died of his wounds. It has been identified with the Uphrenus, modern Aphreen, which, rising in the roots of Amanus Mons (Almadaghy), runs southward through the plain of Cyrrhestica, until it falls into the small lake, which receives also the Labotas and the Arceuthus, from which their united waters run westward to join the Orontes coming from the south. The Oenoparas is the easternmost of the three streams. It is unquestionably the Afrin of Abulfeda. (Tabula Syr., Supplementa, p. 152, ed. Koehler; Chesney, Expedition, vol. i. pp. 407, 423.)
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ΑΠΑΜΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Aulocrenae, a valley ten Roman miles from Apamia (Cibotus) for those
who are going to Phrygia. (Plin. v. 29.) The Marsyas, says Pliny, rises and is
soon hidden in the place where Marsyas contended with Apollo on the pipe in Aulocrenae;
whence, perhaps, the place derives its name from the legend of Apollo and Marsyas,
as it means the fountains of the pipe. Strabo describes the Marsyas and Maeander
as rising, according to report, in one lake above Celaenae, which produces reeds
adapted for making mouth-pieces for pipes; he gives no name to the lake. Pliny
(xvi. 44) says, We have mentioned the tract (regio) Aulocrene, through which a
man passes from Apamia into Phrygia; there a plane tree is shown from which Marsyas
was suspended, after being vanquished by Apollo. But Pliny has not mentioned the
regio Aulocrene before; and the passage to which he refers (v. 29), and which
is here literally rendered, is not quite clear. But he has mentioned, in another
passage (v. 29), a lake on a mountain Aulocrene, in which the Maeander rises.
Hamilton (Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 498) found near Denair (Apameia Cibotus),
a lake nearly two miles in circumference, full of reeds and rushes, which he considers
to be the source of the Maeander, and also to be the lake described by Pliny on
the Mons Aulocrene. But the Aulocrenae he considers to be in the plain of Dombai.
Thus Pliny mentions a regio Aulocrene, a mons Aulocrene, and a valley (convallis)
Aulocrenae.
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ΑΣΚΑΝΙΑ (Αρχαία περιοχή) ΜΥΣΙΑ
Ascania lacus or Ascanius (Askania: Isnik), a large lake in Bithynia,
at the east extremity of which was the city of Nicaea. (Strab. p. 5 65, &c.) Apollodorus,
quoted by Strabo (p. 681), says that there was a place called Ascania on the lake.
The lake is about 10 miles long and 4 wide, surrounded on three sides by steep
woody slopes, behind which rise the snowy summits of the Olympus range. (Leake,
Asia Minor, p. 7.) Cramer refers to Aristotle (Mirab. Ausc. c. 54) and Pliny (xxxi.
10), to show that the waters of this lake are impregnated with nitre; but Aristotle
and Pliny mean another Ascania. This lake is fresh; a river flows into it, and
runs out into the bay of Cios. This river is the Ascanius of Pliny (v. 32) and
Strabo.
The Ascanius of Homer (Il. ii. 862) is supposed to be about this lake of
Strabo (p. 566), who attempts to explain this passage of the Iliad. The country
around the lake was called Ascania. (Steph. s. v. Askania.) The salt lake Ascania,
to which Aristotle and Pliny refer, is a lake of Pisidia, the lake of Buldur or
Burdur.
The salt lake Ascania of Arrian (Anab. i. 29) is a different lake
[Anaya].
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which flows past Aspendus (Pliny 5.26)
ΑΣΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Satnioeis (Satnioeis: Tuzlia or Tusla), a small river in the southern part of Troas, having its sources in Mount Ida, and flowing in a western direction between Hamaxitus and Larissa, discharges itself into the Aegean. It owes its celebrity entirely to the Homeric poems. (Il. vi. 34, xiv. 445, xxi. 87; Strab. xiii. who states that at a later time it was called Saphnioeis.)
ΑΤΤΑΛΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Masura (Masoura), a place between Attalia and Perge in Pamphylia (Stadiasm. §
§ 200, 201), and 70 stadia from Mygdala, which is probably a corruption of Magydus.
ΑΧΑΡΑΚΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
On the road between the Tralleians and Nysa is a village of the Nysaeans, not far from the city Acharaca, where is the Plutonium, with a costly sacred precinct and a shrine of Pluto and Core, and also the Charonium, a cave that lies above the sacred precinct, by nature wonderful; for they say that those who are diseased and give heed to the cures prescribed by these gods resort thither and live in the village near the cave among experienced priests, who on their behalf sleep in the cave and through dreams prescribe the cures. These are also the men who invoke the healing power of the gods. And they often bring the sick into the cave and leave them there, to remain in quiet, like animals in their lurking-holes, without food for many days. And sometimes the sick give heed also to their own dreams, but still they use those other men, as priests, to initiate them into the mysteries and to counsel them. To all others the place is forbidden and deadly.
A festival is celebrated every year at Acharaca; and at that time in particular those who celebrate the festival can see and hear concerning all these things; and at the festival, too, about noon, the boys and young men of the gymnasium, nude and anointed with oil, take up a bull and with haste carry him up into the cave; and, when let loose, the bull goes forward a short distance, falls, and breathes out his life.
Thirty stadia from Nysa, after one crosses over Mt. Tmolus and the mountain called Mesogis, towards the region to the south of the Mesogis, there is a place called Leimon, whither the Nysaeans and all the people about go to celebrate their festivals. And not far from Leimon is an entrance into the earth sacred to the same gods, which is said to extend down as far as Acharaca. The poet (Homer) is said to name this meadow when he says, ‘On the Asian meadow’; and they point out a hero-temple of Cayster and a certain Asius, and the Cayster River that streams forth near by.
ΒΙΘΥΝΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Artanes, also written Artannes and Artanos, a small river of Bithynia, placed by Arrian (p. 13) 150 stadia east of Cape Melaena, with a haven and temple of Venus at the mouth of the river.
Lillium or Lilleum (Lillin, Ligeon), a commercial place (emporium) on the coast
of Bithynia, 40 stadia to the east of Dia; but no particulars are known about
it. (Arrian, Peripl. p. 13; Anonym. Peripl. 3.) It is possible that the place
may have derived its name from the Lilaeus, which Pliny (H. N. v. 43) mentions
among the rivers of Bithynia.
Cales (Kales, Kalles), a river of Bithynia, 120 stadia east of Elaeus.
(Arrian, p. 14; and Marc. p. 70.) This seems to be the river which Thucydides
(iv. 75) calls Calex (Kalex), at the mouth of which Lamachus lost his ships, which
were anchored there, owing to a sudden rise of the river. Thucydides places the
Calex in the Heracleotis, which agrees very well with the position of the Cales.
Lamachus and his troops were compelled to walk along the coast to Chalcedon. Pliny
(v. 32) mentions a river Alces in Bithynia, which it has been conjectured, may
be a corruption of Calex. There was on the river Cales also an emporium or trading
place called Cales.
Sunonensis Lacus a lake in Bithynia, between the Ascania Lacus and
the river Sangarius. (Amm. Marc. xxvi. S.) It is probably the same lake which
is mentioned by Evagrius (Hist. Eccl. ii. 14) under the name of Boane limne in
the neighbourhood of Nicomedeia, and which is at present known under the name
of Shabanja. It seems, also, to be the same lake from which the younger Pliny
(x. 50) proposed to cut a canal to the sea.
Calpe (Kalpe), a river of Bithynia, the Chalpas of Strabo (p. 543). It lies between the Psilis, from which it is 210 stadia distant, and the Sangarius. There was also a port called the port of Calpe. Xenophon (Anab. vi. 4), who passed through the place on his retreat with the Ten Thousand, describes it as about half way between Byzantium and Heracleia: it is a promontory, and the part which projects into the sea is an abrupt precipice. The neck which connects the promontory with the mainland is only 400 feet wide. The port is under the rock to the west, and has a beach; and close to the sea there is a source of fresh water. The place is minutely described by Xenophon, and is easily identified on the maps, in some of which the port is marked Kirpe Limaz. Apollonius (Ary. ii. 661) calls the river Calpe deep flowing.
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Libyssa (Libussa or Libissa, Ptol. v. 1. § 13: Eth. Libussaios), a town on the north coast of the Sinus Atacenus in Bithynia, on the road from Nicaea to Chalcedon. It was celebrated in antiquity as the place containing the tomb of the great Hannibal. (Plut. Flam. 20; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. H.N. v. 43; Amm. Marc. xxii. 9 ; Eutrop. iv. 11 Itin. Ant. p. 139; Itin. Hier. p. 572.) In Pliny's time the town no longer existed, but the spot was noticed only because of the tumulus of Hannibal. According to Appian (Syr. 11), who evidently did not know the town of Libyssa, a river of Phrygia was called Libyssus, and he states that from it the surrounding country received the name of Libyssa. The slight resemblance between the name Libyssa and the modern Ghebse has led some geographers to regard the latter as the site of the ancient town; but Leake (Asia Minor, p. 9),. from an accurate: computation of distances, has shown that the modern Maldysem is much more likely to be the site of Libyssa.
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Gallus (Gallos: Lefke), a small river of Bithynia, having its sources
near Modra in the north of Phrygia, and emptying itself into the Sangarius a little
more than 300 stadia from Nicomedeia, (Strab. xii. p. 543.) Ammianus Marcellinus
describes its course as very winding (xxvi. 8). Martianus Capella (6. § 687, ed.
Kopp) confounds this river with another of the same name in Galatia, which seems
likewise to have been a tributary of the Sangarius, and on the banks of which
Pessinus is said to have been situated. From the river Gallus in Galatia the Galli,
or priests of Cybele, were said by some to have derived their name, because its
water made those who drank of it mad. (Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. v. 42, vi. 1, xxxi.
5; Herodian, i. 11; Ov. Fast. iv. 364.)
Hypius (Hupios: Karasu), a river of Bithynia not far westward from
the Sangarius. The rive itself is very small; but at its mouth it is so broad
that the greater part of the fleet of Mithridates wa enabled to take up its winter
quarters in it. (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 795; Scylax, p. 34; Marcian. Heracl. p. 70;
Steph. B. s. v.; Arrian, Peripl. p. 13, who calls it Hyppius; Memnon, ap. Phot.
Cod. 44.) According to Scylax, this river formed the boundary between the territories
of the Bithyni and the Mariandyni.
ΓΑΛΑΤΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Trocmada (Trokmada), a place of uncertain site in Galatia, which probably derived
its name from the tribe of the Trocmi, is mentioned only by late Christian writers
(Conc. Chalced. pp. 125, 309, 663; Conc. Constant. iii. p. 672; Conc. Nicaen.
ii. p. 355, where its name is Troknada; Hierocl. p. 698, where it is miswritten
Pegetnakade.)
ΕΛΛΗΣΠΟΝΤΟΣ (Θαλάσσιο στενό) ΤΣΑΝΑΚΚΑΛΕ
Rhyndacus (Rhundakos), an important river in the province of Hellespontus,
which has its sources at the foot of Mount Olympus in Phrygia Epictetus, near
the town of Azani. (Scylax, p. 35; Plin. v. 40; Pomp. Mela, i. 19; Strab. xii.
p. 576.) According to Pliny, it was at one time called Lycus, and had its origin
in the lake of Miletopolis ; but this notion is incorrect. The river flows at
first in a north-western direction, forming the boundary between Mysia and Bithynia,
through the lake of Apollonia, and in the neighbourhood of Miletopolis receives
the river Megistus, and discharges itself into the Propontis opposite the island
of Besbicus. The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 1165) states that in later
times the Rhyndacus, after receiving the waters of the Megistus, was itself called
Megistus; but Eustathius (ad Horn. Il. xiii. 771) assures us that in his time
it still bore the name of Rhyndacus. According to Valerius Flaccus (iii. 35) its
yellow waters were discernible in the sea at a great distance from its mouth.
In B.C. 73 Lucullus gained a victory over Mitlhridates on the banks of this river.
(Plut. Luc. 11; comp. Polyb. v. 17; Ptol. v. 1. § § 4, 8; Steph. B. s. v.) The
Rhyndacus is now called Lupad, and after its union with the Megistus (Susughirli)
it bears the name of Mohalidsh or Micalitza. (See Hamilton's Researches, i. p.
83, &c.)
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ΕΡΥΘΡΑΙ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Περιοχή όπου υπήρχαν ιαματικά λουτρά (Παυσ. 7,5,12).
After Mt. Corycus one comes to Halonnesos, a small island. Then to Argennum, a promontory of the Erythraean territory; it is very close to the Poseidium of the Chians, which latter forms a strait about sixty stadia in width. Between Erythrae and Hypocremnus lies Mimas, a lofty mountain, which is well supplied with game and well wooded. Then one comes to a village Cybelia, and to a promontory Melaena, as it is called, which has a millstone quarry.
Argennum (Argennon, Arginon, Thucyd. viii. 34), a promontory of the territory
of Erythrae, the nearest point of the mainland to Posidium in Chios, and distant
60 stadia from it. The modern name is said to be called Cap Blanc.
ΕΦΕΣΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Ποταμός στην περιοχή της Εφέσου (Παυσ. 7,5,10).
Πηγή κοντά στην Εφεσο (Παυσ. 7,5,10).
Caystri Campus (to Kaustrou pedion) is Strabo's name for the plain of the Cayster.
Stephanus (s. v. Kaustrion pedion) assigns it to the Ephesia or territory of Ephesus,
with the absurd remark that the Cayster, from which it takes its name, was so
called from its proximity to the Catacecaumene or Burnt Region. Stephanus adds
the Ethnic name Kaustrianos ; but this belongs properly to the people of some
place, as there are medals with the legend Kaustrianon.
Xenophon, in his march of Cyrus from Sardis (Anab. i. 2. § 11), speaks
of a Kaustrou pedion. Before coming here, Cyrus passed through Celaenae, Peltae,
and Ceramon Agora. The march from Celaenae to Peltae is 10 parasangs; from Peltae
to Ceramon Agora, 12 parasangs; and from Ceramon Agora to the plain of Cayster,
which Xenophon calls an inhabited city, was 30 parasangs. From the plain of Cayster,
Cyrus marched 10 parasangs to Thymbrium, then 10 to Tyraeum, and then 20 to Iconium,
the last city of Phrygia in the direction of his march; for after leaving Iconium,
he entered Cappadocia. Iconium is Koniyeh, a position well known. Celaenae is
also well known, being at Deenair, on the Maeander. Now the march of Cyrus from
Celaenae to Iconium was 92 parasangs, or 2760 stadia, according to Greek computation,
if the numbers are right in the Greek text. Cyrus, therefore, did not march direct
from Celaenae to Iconium. He made a great bend to the north, for the Ceramon Agora
was the nearest town in Phrygia to Mysia. The direct distance from Celaenae to
Iconium is about 125 English miles. The distance by the route of Cyrus was 276
geog. miles, if the Greek value of the parasang is true, as given by Xenophon
and Herodotus; but it may be less.
The supposition that the plain of Cayster is the plain through which
the Cayster flows cannot be admitted; and as Cyrus seems for some reason to have
directed his march northwards from Celaenae till he came near the borders of Mysia,
his route to Iconium would be greatly lengthened. Two recent attempts have been
made to fix the places between Celaenae and Iconium, one by Mr. Hamilton (Researches,
&c., vol. ii. p. 198, &c.), and another by Mr. Ainsworth (Travels in the Track
of the Ten Thousand, &c., p. 24, &c.). The examination of these two explanations
cannot be made here for want of space. But it is impossible to identify with certainty
positions on a line of road where distances only are given, and we find no corresponding
names to guide us. Mr. Hamilton supposes that the Caystri Campus may be near the
village of Chai Kieui, and near the banks of the Eber Ghieul in the extensive
plain between that village and Polybotum. Chai Kieui is in about 38° 40? N. lat.
Mr. Ainsworth places the Caystri Campus further west at a place called Surmeneh,
a high and arid upland, as its ancient name designates, which is traversed by
an insignificant tributary to the Eber Gol, Mr. Hamilton's Eber Ghieul. The neighbourhood
of Surmeneh abounds in ancient remains; but Chai Kieui is an insignificant place,
without ruins. Both Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Ainsworth, however, agree in fixing the
Caystri Campus in the basin of this river, the Eber Ghieul, and so far the conclusion
may be accepted as probable. But the exact site of the place cannot be determined
without further evidence. Cyrus stayed at Caystri Campus five days, and he certainly
would not stay with his troops five days in a high and arid upland. As the plain
was called the Plain of Cayster, we may assume that there was a river Cayster
where Cyrus halted. One of Mr. Ainsworth's objections to Mr. Hamilton's conclusion
is altogether unfounded. He says that the plain which Mr. Hamilton chooses as
the site of the Caystri Campus is an extensive plain, but very marshy, being in
one part occupied by a perpetual and large lake, called Eber Gol, and most unlikely
at any season of the year to present the arid and burnt appearance which could
have led the Greeks to call it Caustron or Caystrus, the burnt or barren plain.
But the word Caystrus could not mean burnt, and Stephanus is guilty of originating
this mistake. It means no more a burnt plain here than it does when applied to
the plain above Ephesus. Both were watery places; one we know to be so; and the
other we may with great probability conclude to be. The medals with the epigraph
KaustriaWoW may belong to this place, and not to a city in the valley of the Lydian
Cayster.
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Myonnesus (Muonnesos or Muonesos), a promontory on the south-west of Lebedus, on the coast of Ionia, at the northern extremity of the bay of Ephesus. It is celebrated in history for the naval victory there gained by the Romans under L. Aemilius over Antiochus the Great, in B.C. 190. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. xiv. p. 643; Thucyd. iii. 42; Liv. xxxvii. 27.) Livy describes the promontory as situated between Samos and Teos, and as rising from a broad basis to a pointed summit. There was an approach to it on the land side by a narrow path; while on the sea side it was girt by rocks, so much worn by the waves, that in some parts the over-hanging cliffs extended further into the sea than the ships stationed under them. On this promontory there also was a small town of the name of Myonnesus [p. 387] (Steplh. B., Strab ll. cc.), which belonged to Teos. The rocks of Myonnesus are now called Hypsilibounos.
Pliny (H. N. v. 37) mentions a small island of the name of Myonnesus near Ephesus, which, together with two others, Anthinae and Diarrheusa, formed a group called Pisistrati Insulae.
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After the outlet of the Cayster River comes a lake that runs inland from the sea, called Selinusia; and next comes another lake that is confluent with it, both affording great revenues. Of these revenues, though sacred, the kings deprived the goddess, but the Romans gave them back; and again the tax-gatherers forcibly converted the tolls to their own use; but when Artemidorus was sent on an embassy, as he says, he got the lakes back for the goddess, and he also won the decision over Heracleotis, which was in revolt, his case being decided at Rome; and in return for this the city erected in the temple a golden image of him. In the innermost recess of the lake there is a temple of a king, which is said to have been built by Agamemnon.
Selenusiae (Selenousiai) or Selennuetes, two lakes formed by the sea, north of the mouth of the Caystrus, and not far from the temple of the Ephesian Artemis. These two lakes, which communicated with each other, were extremely rich in fish, and formed part of the revenue of the temple of Artemis, though they were on several occasions wrested from it. (Strab. xiv. p. 642; Plin. v. 31.) The name of the lakes, derived from Selene, the moon-goddess, or Artemis, probably arose from their connection with the great goddess of Ephesus. (Comp. Chandler's Travels in Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 162.)
Phyrites, a small tributary of the Caystrus, having its origin in the western branch of Mount Tmolus, and flowing in a southern direction through the Pegasean marsh (Stagnum Pegaseum), discharges itself into the Caystrus some distance above Ephesus. (Plin. v. 31.)
Pegaseum Stagnum a small lake in the Caystrian plain near Ephesus, from which issues the little river Phyrites, a tributary of the Caystrus. (Plin. v. 31.) The district surrounding the lake is at present an extensive morass. (Comp. Arundell, Seven Churches, p. 23, &c.)
Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus, in which the Ephesians pretended that Apollo and Artemis were born. Hence the Cayster, which flowed near Ephesus, is called Ortygius Cayster.
Coresus (Koressos). A lofty mountain in Ionia, four miles from Ephesus, with a place of the same name at its foot.
Βουνό κοντά στην Εφεσο (Παυσ. 7,5,10).
Panormus The port of Ephesus formed by the mouth of the Caystrus, near which stood the celebrated temple of the Ephesian Artemis. (Strab. xiv. p. 639; comp. Liv. xxx<*> i. 10, foll., especially 14. 15)
Priapus. An island near Ephesus, Plin. 5, 31, 38, § 137.
Solmissus (Solmissos), a hill near Ephesus, rising above the grove of Leto, where
the Curetes, by the loud noise of their arms, prevented Hera from hearing the
cries of Leto when she gave birth to her twins. (Strab. xiv. p. 640.)
ΖΕΦΥΡΙΟΝ (Αρχαία τοποθεσία) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Philyreis (Philureis), an island off the coast of Pontus, in the Euxine.
It must have been situated near Cape Zephyrium, opposite the district inhabited
by the Philyres, from which, in all probability, it derived its name. (Apollon.
Rhod. ii. 1231; comp. Amm. Marc. xxii. 8; Dionys. Per. 766; Steph. B. s. v. Philures.)
Hamilton (Researches, i. p. 261) identifies it with the small rocky island 2 miles
west of Cape Zefreh, and between it and the island of Kerasonde Ada.
ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΑ ΠΟΝΤΙΚΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Lycus (Lukos), is the name of a great many rivers, especially in Asia,
and seems to have originated in the impression made upon the mind of the beholder
by a torrent rushing down the side of a hill, which suggested the idea of a wolf
rushing at his prey. The following rivers of this name occur in Asia Minor:
1. The Lycus of Bithynia: it flows in the east of Bithynia in a western direction,
and empties itself into the Euxine a little to the south of Heracleia Pontica,
which was twenty stadia distant from it. The breadth of the river is stated to
have been two plethra, and the plain near its mouth bore the name of Campus Lycaeus.
(Scylax, p. 34; Orph. Argon. 720; Arrian, Peripl. p. 14; Anonym. Peripl. p. 3;
Xenoph. Anab. vi. 2. § 3; Ov. Epist. ex Pont. x. 47; Memnon, ap. Phot. 51; Plin.
vi. 1, who erroneously states that Heracleia was situated on (appositum) the river.
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ΘΕΜΙΣΚΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Ποταμός κοντά στη Θεμίσκυρα, όπου ζούσαν οι Αμαζόνες (Παυσ. 7,2,7).
Perseus Project Index.Total results on 17/5/2001: 57 for Thermodon.
Thermodon (Thermodon: Thermeh), a river of Pontus, celebrated in the story about the Amazons, is described by Pliny (vi. 3) as having its sources in the Amazonian mountains, which are not mentioned by any other ancient writer, but are believed still to retain their ancient name in the form of Mason Dagh. (Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 283.) Strabo (xii. p. 547) places its many sources near Phanaroea, and says that many streams combine to form the Thermodon. Its course is not very long, but its breadth was nevertheless three plethra, and it was a navigable river (Xen. Anab. v. 6. 9, vi. 2. § 1; Arrian, Peripl. P.E. p. 16.) It discharged itself into the Euxine near the town of Themiscyra, at a distance of 4000 stadia to the north-east of the mouth of the Iris. This river is very often noticed by ancient writers. See Aeschyl. Prom. 274, Suppl. 290; Herod. ix. 27; Scylax, p. 33; Strab. i. p. 52, vii. p. 298; Anon. Peripl. P. E. p. 10; Ptol. v. 6. § 4; Pomp. Mela, i. 19; Plin. xi. 19, xxxvii. 37; Virg. Aen. xi. 659; Ov. ex Pont. iv. 19 51; Propert. iv. 4. 71, and many other passages.
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Lamyron (Lamuron), a great harbour near Cape Heraclium, on the coast of Pontus, not far from Themiscyra. (Anonym. Peripl. Point. Eux. p. 10.)
ΘΕΜΙΣΟΝΙΟΝ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΦΡΥΓΙΑ
Azanes. It is stated by Arundell (Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 140) that, on a coin
of Themisonium in Phrygia, is a river-god, with the name of Azanes, evidence of
some river being at or near Themisonium. The site of Themisonium does not appear
to be quite certain; and nothing more seems to be known of the river Azanes, though
the conclusion from the coin, that there was a river of that name, can hardly
be doubted.
ΙΩΝΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Βουνό της Ιωνίας (Παυσ. 5,7,5).
Perseus Project Index. Total results on 30/5/2001: 85 for Mykale, 125 for Mycale.
Χερσόνησος απέναντι από τη Χίο (Παυσ. 7,4,1).
Mimas (ho Mimas), a mountain range in Ionia, traversing the peninsula
of Erythrae from south to north. It still bears its ancient name, under which
it is mentioned in the Odyssey (iii. 172.) It is, properly speaking, only a branch
of Mount Tmolus, and was celebrated in ancient times for its abundance of wood
and game (Strab. xiv. pp. 613, 645.) The neck at the south-western extremity of
the peninsula formed by Mount Mimas, a little to the north of Teos, is only about
7 Roman miles broad, and Alexander the Great intended to cut a canal through the
isthmus, so as to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays; but it was one of the
few undertakings in which he did not succeed. (Plin. v. 31; Paus. ii. 1. § 5;
comp. vii. 4. § 1; Thucyd. viii. 34; Ov. Met. ii. 222; Amm. Marc. xxxi. 42; Callim.
Hymn. in Del. 157; Sil. Ital. ii. 494.)
Mount Mimas forms three promontories in the peninsula; in the south
Coryceum (Koraka or Kurko), in the west Argennum (Cape Blanco), and in the north
Melaena (Kara Burnu). Chandler (Travels, p. 213) describes the shores of Mount
Mimas as covered with pines and shrubs, and garnished with flowers. He passed
many small pleasant spots, well watered, and green with corn or with myrtles and
shrubs. The summit of the mountain commands a magnificent view, extending over
the bays of Smyrna, Clazomenae, and Erythrae, the islands of Samos, Chios, and
several others.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Perseus Project Index. Total results on 30/5/2001: 36 for Mimas.
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Argaeus (Argaios: Argish, or Erjish Dagh), a lofty mountain in Cappadocia,
at the foot of which was Mazaca. It is, says Strabo (p. 538), always covered with
snow on the summit, and those who ascend it (and they are few) say that on a clear
day they can see from the top both the Euxine and the hay of Issus. Cappadocia,
he adds, is a woodless country, but there are forests round the base of Argaeus.
It is mentioned by Claudian. (In Ruf. ii. 30.) It has been doubted if the summit
of the mountain can be reached; but Hamilton (Researches, ii. 274) reached the
highest attainable point, above which is a mass of rock with steep perpendicular
sides,rising to a height of 20 or 25 feet above the ridge, on which he stood.
The state of the weather did not enable him to verify Strabo's remark about the
two seas, but he doubts if they can be seen, on account of the high mountains
which intervene to the N. and the S. He estimates the height above the sea-level
at about 13,000 feet. Argaeus is a volcanic mountain. It is the culminating point
in Asia Minor of the range of Taurus, or rather of that part which is called Antitaurus.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΚΑΠΠΑΔΟΚΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Mocisus or Mocisum (Mokesos, Mokison) a fort in the north western
part of Cappadocia, which the Emperor Justinian, at the time when he divided the
country into three provinces, raised to the rank of the capital of Cappadocia
III. On that occasion the place was considerably enlarged, and its name was changed
into Justinianopolis. (Procop. de Aed. v. 4; Hierocl. p. 701, where it is miswritten
Pegekoukousos, for Pegemoukisos; Const. Porph. de Them. i. 2; Steph. B. s. v.
Moukissos; Conc. Const. ii. p. 96.) It modern name is Kir Shehr.
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A district in the northwest of Cappadocia, comprising both banks of the river
Halys, is said to have been fit only for pasture land, to have had scarcely any
fruit-trees, and to have abounded in wild asses. (Strab. xii. pp. 534, 537, 539,
540; Plin. H. N. vi. 3.) The Romans regarded it as a part of Galatia, whence Ptolemy
(v. 6) does not mention it among the districts of Cappadocia.
Pyramus (Puramos,), one of the great rivers of Asia Minor, which has its sources in Cataonia near the town of Arabissus. (Strab. i. p. 53, xiv. p. 675.) For a time it passes under ground, but then comes forward again as a navigable river, and forces its way through a glen of Mount Taurus, which in some parts is so narrow that a god can leap across it. (Strab. xii. p. 536.) Its course, which until then had been south, now turns to the south-west, and reaches the sea st Mallus in Cilicia. This river is deep and rapid (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 440); its average breadth was 1 stadium (Xenoph. Anab. i. 4. § 1), but it carried with it such a quantity of mud, that, according to an ancient oracle, its deposits were one day to reach the island of Cyprus, and thus unite it with the mainland. (Strab. l. c.; Eustath. ad Dionys, 867.) Stephanus B. (s. v.) states that formerly this river had been called Leucosyrus. (Comp. Scylax, p. 40; Ptol. v. 8. § 4; Plin. v. 22; Pomp. Mela, i. 13; Curtius, iii. 7; Arrian, Anab. ii. 5. § 8.) Its modern name is Seihun or Jechun.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Sargarausene, a district of Cappadocia, on the east of Commagene and near the
frontiers of Pontus, containing, according to Ptolemy (v. 6. § 13), the towns
of Phiara, Sadagena, Gauraena, Sabalassus, Ariarathira, and Maroga. (Strab. xii.
pp. 534, 537; Plin. vi. 3.)
Soanda or Soandum (Soanda or Soandon), a castle of Cappadocia, between Therma
and Sacoena. (Strab. xiv. p. 663; It. Ant. p. 202.) The same place seems to be
alluded to by Frontinus (iii. 2. § 9), who calls it Suenda. Hamilton (Researches,
ii. p. 286, foil.) identifies it with Ssoghanli Dere, a place situated on a rock,
about 8 miles on the south-west of Karahissar, but other geopraphers place it
in a different locality.
Χωριό που κατοικήθηκε από Έλληνες από τους αρχαιότατους χρόνους. Μεγάλη
μετανάστευση μισθοφόρων παρατηρήθηκε κατά την εποχή του Μ. Αλεξάνδρο από την Ελλάδα
στην Μικρά Ασία, οι οποίοι δημιούργησαν πόλεις και χωριά όπως την Αρχελαϊδα,
τα Τύανα, το Προκόπι,
την Αξός, τα Λίμνα, το Σεμέντερε,
τα Σύλατα, το Μυστή και πλήθος άλλων χωριών. Aλλη ιστορική πηγή αναφέρει τους
Μυστιώτες απογόνους Ιώνων, εξ' ου και ο χαρακτηρισμός τους ως «γιουνάν» και όχι
«γραικών» ή «Ρωμιών» ή «γκιαούρ»(«τζαούρ»).
Το Μυστή ήταν ένα χωριό σκαλισμένο στο έδαφος. Με τον τρόπο του λαξεύματος
δημιούργησαν τα υπόγεια σπίτια τους τα οποία διαμόρφωναν σύμφωνα με τις ανάγκες
τους. Χαρακτηριστικό, του χωρίου όχι μόνο οι υπόγειες κατοικίες, μα και οι υπόγειοι
δρόμοι, τα υπόγεια πηγάδια, οι υπόγειες πλατείες και τέλος η υπόγεια εκκλησία
του στην οποία για να κατεβείς από την επιφάνεια του εδάφους κατέβαινες, όπως
λένε οι παλαιότεροι, σαράντα σκαλιά. Όλο αυτό το χωριό σκαλίστηκε στο υπέδαφος
λόγω της ανάγκης που είχαν οι κάτοικοί του να προστατευτούν από εξωτερικούς κινδύνους,
όπως ήταν οι επιδρομές των ληστών, και από την έννομο τάξη των Τουρκικών αρχών,
καθώς απέφευγαν την κατάταξή τους στο Τούρκικο στράτευμα. Από τα πιο αμιγή ελληνοχριστιανικά
χωριά της Καππαδοκίας ήταν η Μυστή. Οι παππούδες αναφέρουν ότι περίπου στο 1900
οι κάτοικοί του πλησίαζαν τις 4000 χιλ. περίπου χίλιες οικογένειες.
Η Μυστή ανήκει σε μία από τις δύο μεγάλες περιφέρειες της Καππαδοκίας,
στην περιφέρεια της Νίγδης.
Από τη Μυστή δημιουργήθηκαν χωριά, όπως τα Δήλα, το Τσελτέκ και το
Τσαρικλί.
Κόσμημα του χωριού ο ναός του Αγίου Βασιλείου που χτίστηκε το 1844.
Ο Ι. Βαλαβάνης τους χαρακτηρίζει στο βιβλίο του «τα Μικρασιατικά»
ως τους «Μανιάτες της Μικρά Ασίας» κι αυτό γιατί οι Τούρκοι δεν μπορούσαν να πλησιάσουν
εύκολα το χωριό. Παράλληλα ήταν άνθρωποι θεοσεβούμενοι, άλλωστε δε θα μπορούσαν
να ήταν διαφορετικοί αφού μεγάλες μορφές της εκκλησίας μας γεννήθηκαν και μεγαλούργησαν
στη γη αυτή της Καππαδοκίας: οι ιεράρχες Βασίλειος ο Μέγας από την Καισαρεία,
Γρηγόριος Ναζιανζηνός και Γρηγόριος ο Νύσσης ήταν γνήσιοι Καππαδόκες και φωστήρες
της οικουμένης, που με την διδασκαλία τους φώτισαν τις καρδιές των ανθρώπων και
έβαλαν τα θεμέλια του Χριστιανισμού.
Οι χοροί τους κι αυτοί θρησκευτικοί, τελετουργικοί, κάθε χορός έφερε
το όνομα κι ενός αγίου (ο χορός του Αϊ Βασίλη, του Πάσχα, του Αϊ Σάββα κ.λπ.).
Πολλοί υποστηρίζουν ότι οι χοροί τους προέρχονται από την αρχαιότητα και είναι
παρόμοιοι αν όχι ίδιοι, με την κάθοδο της θεάς Δήμητρας στον Αδη και με άλλους
αρχαίους χορούς, Σουρουντίνα, Κόνιαλι (χορός των κουταλιών), Αγιοβασιλιάτικα,
Αλωνιών, Μαντήλια, κ.λπ. Οι επαγγελματικές τους ασχολίες, εκτός από τη γεωργία,
αφορούσαν στην κατασκευή παπλωμάτων και κετσέδων (κάπες).
Οι οικογένειές τους ήταν πατριαρχικές και διαπνέονταν από σεβασμό
προς τους μεγαλύτερους και ειδικότερα στους γέροντες.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Μάιο 2005 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Κοιλάδας
ΚΑΡΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Carura (Ta Karoura), a town which was on the north-eastern limit
of Caria (Strab. p. 663); its position east of the range of Cadmus assigns it
to Phrygia, under which country Strabo describes it. It was on the south side
of the Maeander, 20 M. P. west of Laodiceia, according to the Table, and on the
great road along the valley of the Maeander from Laodiceia to Ephesus. The place
is identified by the hot springs, about 12 miles NW. of Denizli, which have been
described by Pococke and Chandler. Strabo (p. 578) observes that Carura contained
many inns (pandocheia), which is explained by the fact of its being on a line
of great traffic, by which the wool and other products of the interior were taken
down to the coast. He adds that it has hot springs, some in the Maeander, and
some on the banks of the river. All this tract is subject to earthquakes; and
there was a story, reported by Strabo, that as a brothel keeper was lodging in
the inns with a great number of his women, they were all swallowed up one night
by the earth opening. Chandler (Asia Minor, c. 65) observed on the spot a jet
of hot water, which sprung up several inches from the ground; and also the remains
of an ancient bridge over the river. On the road between Carura and Laodiceia
was the temple of Men Carus, a Carian deity; and in the time of Strabo there was
a noted school of medicine here, under the presidency of Zeuxis. This school was
of the sect of Herophilus. (Strab. p. 580.) Chandler discovered some remains on
the road to Laodiceia, which, he supposes, may be the traces of this temple; but
he states nothing that confirms the conjecture.
Herodotus (vii. 30) mentions a place called Cydrara, to which Xerxes
came on his road from Colossae to Sardes. It was the limit of Lydia and Phrygia,
and King Croesus fixed a stele there with an inscription on it, which declared
the boundary. Leake (Asia Minor, &c. p. 251) thinks that the Cydrara of Herodotus
may be Carura. It could not be far off; but the boundary between Lydia and Phrygia
would perhaps not be placed south of the Maeander in these parts.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Aphrodisias, a promontory on the SW. coast of Caria (Mela, i. 16; Plin. v. 28), between the gulfs of Schoenus and Thymnias. The modern name is not mentioned by Hamilton, who passed round it (Researches, vol. ii. p. 72). It has sometimes been confounded with the Cynos Sema of Strabo, which is Cape Volpo.
Arconnesus (Arkonnesos), a small island of Caria, near to the mainland,
and south of Halicarnassus. It is now called Orak Ada. When Alexander besieged
Halicarnassus, some of the inhabitants fled to this island. (Arrian, Anab. i.
23; Strabo, p. 656; Chart of the Prom. of Halicarnassus, &c., in Beaufort's Karamania;
Hamilton, Researches, ii. 34.)
Strabo (p. 643) mentions an island, Aspis, between Teos and Lebedus, and
he adds that it was also called Arconnesus. Chandler, who saw the island from
the mainland, says that it is called Carabash. Barbie du Bocage (Translation of
Chandler's Travels, i. p. 422) says that it is called in the charts Sainte-Euphnemie.
This seems to be the island Macris of Livy (xxxvii. 28), for he describes it as
opposite to the promontory on which Myonnesus was situated. Cramer (Asia Minor,
vol. i. p. 355) takes Macris to be a different island from Aspis.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Lethaeus (Lethaios), a small river of Caria, which has its sources
in Mount Pactyes, and after a short course from north to south discharges itself
into the Maeander, a little to the south-east of Magnesia. (Strab. xii. p. 554,
xiv. p. 647; Athen. xv. p. 683.) Arundell (Seven Churches, p. 57) describes the
river which he identifies with the ancient Lethaeus, as a torrent rushing along
over rocky ground, and forming many waterfalls.
Attuda (Attouda: Eth. Attoudeus), a town of Caria, or of Phrygia, as some suppose, noticed only by Hierocles and the later authorities. But there are coins of the place with the epigraph Hiera Boule Attoudeon, of the time of Augustus and later. The coins show that the Men Carus was worshipped there. An inscription is said to show that the site is that of Ypsili Hissar, south-east of Aphrodisias in Caria. (Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 55; Forbiger, vol. ii. p. 235.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited July 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Suagela (Souagela), a town of Caria, in which was shown the tomb of Car, the ancestor
of all the Carians; the place was in fact believed to have received its name from
this circumstance, for in Carian soua signified a tomb, and gelas a king. (Steph.
B. s. v.) Strabo, who calls the place Syangela (xiii. p. 611), states that this
town and Myndus were preserved at the time when Mausolus united six other towns
to form Halicarnassus.
ΚΕΛΕΝΔΕΡΙΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
(Melania), a place on the coast of Cilicia, a little to the west of Celenderis,
perhaps on the site of the modern Kizliman. (Strab. xiv. p. 670.) From another
passage of Strabo (xvi. p. 760), compared with Stephanus B. (s. v. Melainai),
it would seem that the place was also called Melaenae.
ΚΕΡΑΜΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Cerameicus (Kerameikos kolpos), a bay in Caria (Herod. i. 174), now
the gulf of Boudroun, so called from a town Ceramus (Keramos), which is on the
gulf. Strabo places Ceramus and Bargasa near the sea, between Cnidus and Halicarnassus,
and Ceramus comes next after Cnidus. D'Anville identifies Ceramus with a place
called Keramo, but this place does not appear to be known. (Leake, Asia Minor,
p. 225.) Ptolemy seems to place Ceramus on the south side of the bay. Some modern
maps place it on the north side; but this cannot be true, particularly if Bargasa
is rightly determined. There are medals which are assigned to Ceramus by some
numismatists.
Pliny mentions a Doridis Sinus. Now, as Doris is the country occupied
by the Dorian colonies, this name is more appropriate to the Cerameicus, on the
north side of which is Halicarnassus, and at the entrance is the island of Cos.
Pliny's words are clear, though they have been generally misunderstood; for, after
mentioning the bay of Schoenus and the Regio Bubassus, he mentions Cnidus, and
he says that Doris begins at Cnidus. Again, he says that Halicarnassus is between
the Cerameicus and the Iasius: the Cerameicus of Pliny, then, is either different
from the Sinus Doridis, or it is one of the bays included in the Sinus Doridis,
and so called from the town of Ceramus. But Pliny places in the Doridis Sinus,
Leucopolis, Hamaxitus, Elaeus, and Euthene; and Mela (i. 16) places Euthane, as
he calls it, in a bay between Cnidus and the Cerameicus Sinus: from which it clearly
appears that Euthane is in the Sinus Doridis of Pliny, and that Mela's Cerameicus
is a smaller bay in the Sinus Doridis. Mela's Littus Leuca is between Halicarnassus
and Myndus; and if this is Pliny's Leucopolis, as we may assume, the identity
of the Cerameicus and the Sinus Doridis of Pliny is clearly established.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΚΕΡΑΣΟΥΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΠΟΝΤΟΣ
Aretias (Aretias), a small island on the coast of Pontus, 30 stadia
east of Pharnacia (Kerasunt), called Areos nesos by Scymnus (Steph. B. s. v. Areos
nesos) and Scylax. Here (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 384) the two queens of the Amazons,
Otrere and Antiope, built a temple to Ares. Mela (ii. 7) mentions this place,
under the name of Area or Aria, an island dedicated to Mars, in the neighbourhood
of Colchis. Aretias appears to be the rocky islet called by the Turks Kerasunt
Ada, which is between 3 and 4 miles from Kerasunt. The rock is a black volcanic
breccia, with imbedded fragments of trap, and is covered in many places with broken
oystershells brought by gulls and sea-birds. (Hamilton, Researches, i. 262.) This
may explain the legend of the terrible birds that frequented this spot. Pliny
(vi. 12) gives to the island also the name of Chalceritis.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited September 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΚΙΒΥΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
A fortress on the river Indus in Caria, not far from Cibyra. (Liv. xxxviii. 14.)
ΚΙΛΙΚΙΑ (Αρχαία χώρα) ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ
Cilicium Mare (he Kilikia Thalassa). The northeastern portion
of the Mediterranean, between Cilicia and Cyprus, as far as the Gulf of Issus.
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