Listed 100 (total found 145) sub titles with search on: Information about the place for wider area of: "HALKIDIKI Prefecture MAKEDONIA CENTRAL" .
NEOS MARMARAS (Small town) HALKIDIKI
AGIA PARASKEVI (Village) HALKIDIKI
AGIOS MAMAS (Village) HALKIDIKI
HALKIDIKI (Prefecture) MAKEDONIA CENTRAL
NEA KALLIKRATIA (Small town) HALKIDIKI
NEA MOUDANIA (Small town) HALKIDIKI
NEA POTIDEA (Small town) HALKIDIKI
AFYTIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Aphutis, also Aphute, Aphutos: Eth. Aphutaios, more early Aphutieus,
Aphuteus, Aphutesios: A/thyto. A town on the eastern side of the peninsula Pallene,
in Macedonia, a little below Potidaea. (Herod. vii. 123: Thuc. i. 64; Strab.)
Xenophon (Hell. v. 3. § 19) says that it possessed a temple of Dionysius, to which
the Spartan king Agesipolis desired to be removed before his death; but it was
more celebrated for its temple of Ammon, whose head appears on its coins. (Plut.
Lys. 20; Pans. iii. 18. § 3; Steph. B. s. v.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited May 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
AGION OROS (Mountain) HALKIDIKI
Athos (Athon, Ep. Athoos, gen. Athoo: Eth. Athoites), the lofty mountain at the
extremity of the long peninsula, running out into the sea from Chalcidice in Macedonia,
between the Singitic gulf and the Aegaean. This peninsula was properly called
Acte (Akte, Thuc. iv. 109), but the name of Athos was also given to it, as well
as to the mountain. (Herod. vii. 22.) The peninsula, as well as the mountain,
is now called the Holy Mountain (Hagion Oros, Monte Santo), from the great number
of monasteries and chapels with which it is covered. There are 20 of these monasteries,
most of which were founded during the Byzantine empire, and some of them trace
their origin to the time of Constantine the Great. Each of the different nations
belonging to the Greek Church, has one or more monasteries of its own; and the
spot is visited periodically by pilgrims from Russia, Servia, Bulgaria, as well
as from Greece and Asia Minor. No female, even of the animal kind, is permitted
to enter the peninsula.
According to Pliny (iv. 10. s. 17. § 37, Sillig), the length of the
peninsula is 75 (Roman) miles, and the circumference 150 (Roman) miles. Its real
length is 40 English miles, and its average breadth about four miles. The general
aspect of the peninsula is described in the following terms by a modern traveller:--The
peninsula is rugged, being intersected by innumerable ravines. The ground rises
almost immediately and rather abruptly from the isthmus at the northern end to
about 300 feet, and for the first twelve miles maintains a table-land elevation
of about 600 feet, for the most part beautifully wooded. At this spot the peninsula
is narrowed into rather less than two miles in breadth. It immediately afterwards
expands to its average breadth of about four miles, which it retains to its southern
extremity. From this point, also, the land becomes mountainous rather than hilly,
two of the heights reaching respectively 1700 and 1200 feet above the sea. Four
miles farther south, on the eastern slope of the mountain ridge, and at a nearly
equal distance from the east and west shores, is situated the town of Karyes picturesquely
placed amidst vineyards and gardens. Immediately to the southward of Karyes the
ground rises to 2200 feet, whence a rugged broken country, covered with a forest
of dark-leaved foliage, extends to the foot of the mountain, which rears itself
in solitary magnificence, an insulated cone of white limestone, rising abruptly
to the height of 6350 feet above the sea. Close to the cliffs at the southern
extremity, we learn from Captain Copeland's late survey, no bottom was found with
60 fathoms of line. (Lieut. Webber Smith, in Journal of Royal Geogr. Soc. vol.
vii. p. 65.) The lower bed of the mountain is composed of gneiss and argillaceous
slate, and the upper part of grey limestone, more or less inclined to white. (Sibthorp,
in Walpole's Travels &c. p. 40.)
Athos is first mentioned by Homer, who represents Hera as resting
on its summit on her flight from Olympus to Lemnos. (Il. xiv. 229.) The name,
however, is chiefly memorable in history on account of the canal which Xerxes
cut through the isthmus,, connecting the peninsula with Chalcidice. (Herod. vii.
23, seq.) This canal was cut by Xerxes for the passage of his fleet, in order
to escape the gales and high seas, which sweep around the promontory, and which
had wrecked the fleet of Mardonius in B.C. 492. The cutting of this canal has
been rejected as a falsehood by many writers, both ancient and modern; and Juvenal
(x. 174) speaks of it as a specimen of Greek mendacity: creditor olim Velificatus
Athos, et quidquid Graecia mendax Audet in historia.
Its existence, however, is not only attested by Herodotus, Thucydides, and other
ancient writers, but distinct traces of it have been discovered by modern travellers.
The modern name of the isthmus is Provlaka, evidently the Romaic form of Proaulax,
the canal in front of the peninsula of Athos. The best description of the present
condition of the canal is given by Lieut. Wolfe :--The canal of Xerxes is still
most distinctly to be traced all the way across the isthmus from the Gulf of Monte
Santo (the ancient Singitic Gulf) to the Bay of Erso in the Gulf of Contessa,
with the exception of about 200 yards in the middle, where the ground bears no
appearance of having ever been touched. But as there is no doubt of the whole
canal having been excavated by Xerxes, it is probable that the central part was
afterwards filled up, in order to allow a more ready passage into and out of the
peninsula. In many places the canal is still deep, swampy at the bottom, and filled
with rushes and other aquatic plants: the rain and small springs draining down
into it from the adjacent heights afford, at the Monte Santo end, a good watering-place
for shipping; the water (except in very dry weather) runs out in a good stream.
The distance across is 2500 yards, which agrees very well with the breadth of
twelve stadia assigned by Herodotus. The width of the canal appears to have been
about 18 or 20 feet; the level of the earth nowhere exceeds 15 feet above the
sea; the soil is a light clay. It is on the whole a very remarkable isthmus, for
the land on each side (but more especially to the westward) rises abruptly to
an elevation of 800 to 1000 feet. (Penny Cyclopaedia, vol. iii. p. 23.)
About 1 1/2 mile north of the canal was Acanthus, and on the isthmus,
immediately south of the canal, was Sane, probably the same as the later Uranopolis.
In the peninsula itself there were five cities, Dium, Olophyxus, Acrotihoum, Thyssus,
Cleonae, which are described under their respective names. To these five cities,
which are mentioned by Herodotus, Thucydides and Strabo (vii. p. 331), Scylax
(s. v. Makedonia) adds Charadriae, and Pliny Palaeorium and Apollonia, the inhabitants
of the latter being named Macrobii. The extremity of the peninsula, above which
Mt. Athos rises abruptly, was called Nymphaeum (Numphaion), now Cape St. George
(Strab. vii. p. 330; Ptol. iii. 13. § 11.) The peninsula was originally inhabited
by Tyrrheno-Pelasgians, who continued to form a large part of the population in
the Greek cities of the peninsula even in the time of the Peloponnesian war (Thuc.
l. c.). (Respecting the peninsula in general see Leake, Northern Greece, vol.
iii. p. 114; Bowen, Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus, London, 1852, p. 51, seq.;
Lieuts. Smith and Wolfe, Sibthorp, ll. cc.)
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AKANTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Akanthos: Eth. Akanthios: Erissο. Α town on the E. side of the isthmus, which
connects the peninsula of Acte with Chalcidice, and about 1 1/2 mile above the
canal of Xerxes. (Athos) It was founded by a colony from Andros, and became a
place of considerable importance. Xerxes stopped here on his march into Greece
(B.C. 480) and praised the inhabitants for the zeal which they displayed in his
service. Acanthus surrendered to Brasidas B.C. 424, and its independence was shortly
afterwards guaranteed in the treaty of peace made between Athens and Sparta. The
Acanthians maintained their independence against the Olynthians, but eventually
became subject to the kings of Macedonia. In the war between the Romans and Philip
(B.C. 200) Acanthus was taken and plundered by the fleet of the republic. Strabo
and Ptolemy erroneously place Acanthus on the Singitic gulf, but there can be
no doubt that the town was on the Strymonic gulf, as is stated by Herodotus and
other authorities: the error may have perhaps arisen from the territory of Acanthus
having stretched as far as the Singitic gulf. At Erisso, the site of Acanthus,
there are the ruins of a large ancient mole, advancing in a curve into the sea,
and also, on the N. side of the hill upon which the village stands, some remains
of an ancient wall, constructed of square blocks of grey granite. On the coin
of Acanthus figured below is a lion killing a bull, which confirms the account
of Herodotus (vii. 125), that on the march of Xerxes from Acanthus to Therme,
lions seized the camels which carried the provisions.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited May 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ANTIGONIA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Antigonea, Eth. Antigoneus, Antigonensis. A town of Macedonia in the district
Crusis in Chalcidice, placed by Livy between Aeneia and Pallene. (Liv. xliv. 10.)
It is called by Ptolemy (iii. 13. § 38) Psaphara (Psaphara) probably in order
to distinguish it from Antigoneia in Paeonia.
APOLLONIA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Eth. Apolloniates, Apolloniates, Apollinas,--atis, Apolloniensis.Polighero).
The chief town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated N. of Olynthus, and a little
S. of the Chalcidian mountains. That this Apollonia is a different place from
No. 5, appears from Xenophon, who describes the Chalcidian Apollonia as distant
10 or 12 miles from Olynthus. (Xen. Hell. v. 12 § 1, seq.) It was probably this
Apollonia Which struck the beautiful Chalcidian coins, bearing on the obverse
the head of Apollo, and on the reverse his lyre, with the legend Chalkideon.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ASSA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Assaios. A town of Chalcidice, in Macedonia, on the Singitic
gulf. (Herod. vii. 122.) It is probably the same town as the Assera of Theopompus
(Steph. B. s. v. Assera), and the Cassera of Pliny (iv. 10), its territory being
called Assyrytis (Assurutis) by Aristotle (Hist. An. iii. 12). Here was a river
which was called the Psuchros from its coldness. (Aristot. l. c.) Leake places
Assa at the head of the Singitic gulf, at some ruins called Paleokastro, about
midway, by land, between Erisso and Vurvuri.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited May 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
GALIPSOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Galephos (Herod. vii. 122). A town on the N. coast of the peninsula of Sithonia,
which Colonel Leake takes to have been the same place afterwards called Physcella
(Plin. iv. 10; Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 1), a distinction which was required, as there
was another Galepsus at no great distance.
GIGONOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Gigonis akra (Etym. Mag. s. v. Egonis, Ptol. iii. 13. § 23). A promontory
on the coast of the Crossaea, in Macedonia, with a town Gigonus (Gigonos,
Steph. B.), to which the Athenian force, which had been employed against Perdiccas,
marched in three days from Beraea. (Thuc. i. 61.) It appears, from the order of
the names in Herodotus (vii. 123), that it was to the S. of Cape Aeneium, the
great Karaburnu; hence its situation was nearly that of Cape Apanomi.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
HALKIDIKI (Ancient area) GREECE
Chalcidice (he Chalkidike, Ptol. iii. 13. § 11; Eth. and Adj. Chalkideus),
the name applied to the whole of the great peninsula, lying southward of the ridge
of Mt. Cissus (Khortiatzi), between the Thermaic and Strymonic Gulf.
It terminates in three prongs, running out into the Aegaean Sea, called respectively
Acte, Sithonia, and Pallene, the first being the most easterly, and the latter
the most westerly. The peninsula of Acte, which terminates with Mt. Athos, rising
out of the sea precipitously to the height of nearly 6,400 feet, is rugged and
clothed with forests, which leave only a few spots suitable for cultivation. The
Middle or Sithonian peninsula (Sithonia: Longos), is also hilly and woody,
though in a less degree. The peninsula of Pallene (Pallene: Kassandhra),
was pre-eminent for its rich and highly cultivated territory. The gulf between
Acte and Sithonia was called the Singitic, and that between Sithonia and Pallene
the Toronaic or Mecybernaean.
It must be recollected that the original Chalcidice, though the name
has been extended in consequence of the influence which the people of their Chalcidic
race enjoyed during the meridian period of Grecian history, did not comprehend
Crossaea, nor the districts of Acanthus and Stageirus, colonies of Andrus, nor
that of Potidaea, a colony of Corinth, nor even Olynthus or the territory around
it to the N., which was occupied by a people who had been driven out of Bottiaeis
W. of the Lydias in the early times of the Macedonian monarchy.
The principal possession of the Chalcidian settlers from Euboea (Strab.
x. p. 447) in the earliest time of their migration, probably in the 7th century
B.C., seems to have been the Sithonian headland, with its port and fortress Torone;
from thence they extended their power inland, until at length they occupied the
whole of Mygdonia to the S. of the ridges which stretched W. from the mountain
range at the head of the Singitic gulf (Nizvoro) together with Crossaea. Artabazus,
on his return from the Hellespont, having reduced Olynthus, together with some
other places which had revolted from Xerxes, slew all the Bottiaei who had garrisoned
Olynthus, and gave up the place to the Chalcidians. We find the Bottiaei joined,
on two occasions, with the Chalcidians as allies (Thuc. i. 65, ii. 79), and one
of their silver coins with the legend Bottiaion is precisely similar, both in
type and fabric, to those of the Chalcidians, impressed with the head of Apollo
and his lyre (comp. Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 70). At the instigation of Perdiccas,
the Chalcidians made war upon the Athenians who held Potidaea and other towns
in their neighbourhood, and were successful in more than one engagement (Thuc.
ii. 79). Brasidas was indebted to their cooperation for his first successes (Thuc.
iv. 83), and it was to his expedition into Thrace that the Chalcidian republics
owed their final independence. (Thuc. v. 18.) After the Peloponnesian war, in
consequence of the complaints of the Apollonians of Chalcidice and Acanthians,
the Lacedaemonians sent an army against Olynthus, which, after losing two of its
commanders, succeeded in the 4th campaign (B.C. 379) in reducing the city to submission
(Xen. Hell. v. 8). The history of Chalcidice, after the supremacy which
Olynthus obtained over its other towns, follows the fortunes of that city.
Ptolemy divides the whole peninsula into two parts, Chalcidice and
Paralia (for so the word which appears as Paraxia in the printed copies should
be read). Paralia contained all the maritime country between the bay of Thessalonica,
and Derrhis, the Cape of Sithonia: thus the W. coast of Sithonia was at that time
included in Paralia and the E. in Chalcidice, together with Acanthus, the entire
peninsula of Acte, and all the coast land in the Strymonic gulf as far N. as Bromiscus,
with the exception of Stageira.
An account of the different Chalcidian towns will be found under the
separate heads; beginning from the W. they are Aeneia near the cape, which marks
the entrance of the inner Thermaic gulf, Gigonus, Antigoneia and Potidaea. Between
these towns lay the territory called Crossaea. In Pallene were the towns of Saxe,
Mende, Scione, Therambos, Aege, Neapolis, Aphytis, either wholly or partly colonies
from Eretria. In Sithonia were Mecyberna, Sermyle, Galepsus, Torone, Sarte, Singus,
Pilorus, Assa, all or most of them of Chalcidian origin. At the head of the Toronaic
gulf in the interior of Chalcidice lay Olynthus, Apollonia, Scolus, Spartolus,
Angeia, Miacorus or Milcorus. On the scanty spaces, admitted by the mountain ridge
which ends in Athos, were planted some Thracian and Pelasgic settlements of the
same inhabitants as those who occupied Lemnos and Imbros, with a mixture of a
few Chalcidians, while the inhabitants spoke both Pelasgic and Hellenic. Near
the narrow isthmus which joins this promontory to Thrace, and along the NW. coast
of the Strymonic gulf were the considerable towns of Sane, Acanthus, Stageira
and Argilus, all colonies from Andros, to which may be added Stratonice, Bromiscus,
and Arethusa (Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. p. 31 ; Leake, Trav.
in Northern Greece, vol. iii.; Griesebach, Reisen, vol. ii. pp.
6-16.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
KAFKANAS (Small island) HALKIDIKI
Caprus (Kapros: Lybtzadha), the port and island of Stageirus to the
SW. of the Strymonic Gulf. (Strab. vii. p. 331; comp. Leake, Northern Greece,
vol. iii. p. 166.)
LIKYTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Lekuthos. A town in the peninsula of Sithonia in Chalcidice, not far from Torone,
with a temple to Athena. The town was attacked by Brasidas, who took it by storm,
and consecrated the entire cape to the goddess. Everything was demolished except
the temple and the buildings connected with it.
LIPAXOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of Crusis, or Crossaea, in Macedonia, mentioned only by Hecataeus (Steph.
B. s. v.) and Herodotus (vii. 123).
LISAE (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of Crusis or Crossaea, in Macedonia, mentioned only by Herodotus (vii.
123).
MENDI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
or Mendae (Mendai, Menda, Mendis, Eth. Mendaios). A town of Pallene,
situated on the SW. side the cape. It was a colony of Eretria in Euboea, which
became subject to Athens with the other cities of Pallene and Chalcidice. On the
arrival of Brasidas, Mende revolted from the Athenians (Thuc. iv. 123), but was
afterwards retaken by Nicias and Nicostratus (Thuc. iv. 130; Diod. xii. 72). It
appears, from the account which Livy gives of the expedition of Attalus and the
Romans (B.C. 200), to have been a small maritime place under the dominion of Cassandria.
Together with Scione, Mende occupied the broadest part of the peninsula (Pomp.
Mela, ii. 3. § 11), and is probably represented by some Hellenic remains which
have been observed on the shore near Kavo-Posidhi, to the E., as well as on the
heights above it. The types on its autonomous coins - Silenus riding upon an ass,
and a Diota in a square - refer to the famous Mendaean wine, of which the ancients
make honourable mention. (Athen. i. pp. 23, 29, iv. p. 129, viii. p. 364, xi.
p. 784; Hippocrat. vol. ii. p. 472, ed. Kuhn; Jul. Poll. Onomast. vi. segm. 15.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
MIKYVERNA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Mekuberna: Eth. Mekubernaios. A town which stood at the head of the
Toronaic gulf, which was also called Sinus Mecybernaeus. (Plin. iv. 10; Pomp.
Mela, ii. 3. § 1.) Mecyberna was the port of Olynthus (Strab. vii. p. 330), and
lay between that town and Sermyle. (Herod.vii. 122.) It was taken from the Athenians
by the Chalcidic Thracians (Thuc. v. 39), and surrendered to Philip before the
siege of Olynthus. (Diod. xvi. 54.) The site must be sought at Molivopyrgo, where
some remains of antiquity are said to be preserved. (Leake, North. Greece, vol.
iii. p. 155.)
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
NEAPOLIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
A town on the isthmus of Pallene, on the E. coast, between Aphytis and Aege. (Herod.
vii. 123.) In Leake's map it is represented by the modern Polykhrono.
OLYNTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Olunthos, Eth. Olunthios. A town which stood at the head of the Toronaic
gulf, between the peninsulas of Pallene and Sithonia, and was surrounded by a
fertile plain. Originally a Bottiaean town, at the time of the Persian invasion
it had passed into the hands of the Chalcidic Greeks (Herod. vii. 122; Strab.
x. p. 447), to whom, under Critobulus of Torone, it was handed over, by the Persian
Artabazus, after taking the town, and slaying all the inhabitants (Herod. viii.
127). Afterwards Perdiccas prevailed on many of the Chalcidian settlers to abandon
the small towns on the sea-coast, and make Olynthus, which was several stadia
from the sea, their central position (Thuc. i. 58). After this period the Bottiaei
seem to have been the humble dependents of the Chalcidians, with whom they are
found joined on two occasions (Thuc. i. 65, ii. 79). The expedition of Brasidas
secured the independence of the Olynthians, which was distinctly recognised by
treaty (Thuc. v. 19.) The town, from its maritime situation, became a place of
great importance, B.C. 392. Owing to the weakness of Amyntas, the Macedonian king,
they were enabled to take into their alliance the smaller towns of maritime Macedonia,
and gradually advanced so far as to include the larger cities in this region,
including even Pella. The military force of the Olynthian confederacy had now
become so powerful from the just and generous principles upon which it was framed,
including full liberty of inter-marriage, of commercial dealings, and landed proprietorship,
that Acanthus and Apollonia, jealous of Olynthian supremacy, and menaced in their
independence, applied to Sparta, then in the height of its power, B.C. 383, to
solicit intervention. The Spartan Eudamidas was at once sent against Olynthus,
with such force as could be got ready, to check the new power. Teleutias, the
brother of Agesilaus, was after-wards sent there with a force of 10,000 men, which
the Spartan assembly had previously voted, and was joined by Derdas, prince of
Elimeia, with 400 Macedonian horse. But the conquest of Olynthus was no easy enterprise
its cavalry was excellent, and enabled them to keep the Spartan infantry at bay.
Teleutias, at first successful, becoming over confident, sustained a terrible
defeat under the walls of the city. But the Spartans, not disheartened, thought
only of repairing their dishonour by fresh exertions. Agesipolis, their king,
was placed in command, and ordered to prosecute the war with vigour; the young
prince died of a fever, and was succeeded by Polybiades as general, who put an
end to the war, B.C. 379. The Olynthians were reduced to such straits, that they
were obliged to sue for peace, and, breaking up their own federation, enrolled
themselves as sworn members of the Lacedaemonian confederacy under obligations
of fealty to Sparta (Xen. Hell. v. 2. 12, 3. § 18; Diodor. xv. 21 - 23; Dem. de
Fals. Leg. c. 75. p. 425). The subjugation of Olynthus was disastrous to Greece,
by removing the strongest bulwark against Macedonian aggrandisement. Sparta was
the first to crush the bright promise of the confederacy; but it was reserved
for Athens to deal it the most deadly blow, by the seizure of Pydna, Methone,
and Potidaea, with the region about the Thermaic gulf, between B.C. 368 - 363,
at the expense of Olynthus. The Olynthians, though humbled, were not subdued;
alarmed at Philip's conquest of Amphipolis, B.C. 358, they sent to negotiate with
Athens, where, through the intrigues of the Macedonians, they were repulsed. Irritated
at their advances being rejected, they closed with Philip, and received at his
hands the district of Anthemus, as well as the important Athenian possession of
Potidaea. (Dem. Philipp. ii. p. 71. s. 22). Philip was too near and dangerous
a neighbour; and, by a change of policy, Olynthus concluded a peace with Athens
B.C. 352. After some time, during which there was a feeling of reciprocal mistrust
between the Olynthians and Philip, war broke out in the middle of B.C. 350. Overtures
for an alliance had been previously made by Athens, with which the Olynthians
felt it prudent to close. On the first recognition of Olynthus as an ally, Demosthenes
delivered the earliest of his memorable harangues; two other Olynthiac speeches
followed. For a period of 80 years Olynthus had been the enemy of Athens, but
the eloquence and statesman-like sagacity of Demosthenes induced the people to
send succours to their ancient foes: and yet lie was not able to persuade them
to assist Olynthus with sufficient vigour. Still the fate of the city was delayed;
and the Olynthians, had they been on their guard against treachery within, might
perhaps have saved themselves.. The detail of the capture is unknown, but the
struggling. city fell, in. B.C. 347, into the hands of Philip, callidus emptor
Olynthi (Juv. xiv. 47), through the treachery of Lasthenes and Euthycrates; its
doom was that of one taken by storm (Dem. Philipp. iii. pp. 125 - 128, Fals. Leg.
p. 426; Diod. xvi..53). All that survived--men, women, and. children--were sold
as slaves; the town itself was destroyed. The fall of Olynthus completed the conquest
of the Greek cities. from the Thessalian frontier as far as Thrace--in all 30
Chalcidic cities. Demosthenes (Philipp. iii. p. 117; comp. Strab. ii. p. 121;
Justin. viii. 3), speaking of them about five years afterwards, says that they
were so thoroughly destroyed, that it might be supposed that they had never been
inhabited. The site of Olynthus at Aio Mamas is, however, known by its distance
of 60 stadia front Potidaea, as well as by some vestiges of the city still existing,
and by its lagoon, in which Artabazus slew the inhabitants. The name of this marsh
was Bolyca (he Boluke limne, Hegisander, ap. Athen. p. 334). Two rivers, the Amitas
and Olynthiacus (Olunthiakos), flowed into this lagoon from Apollonia (Athen.
l. c.). Mecyberna was its harbour; and there was a spot near it, called Cantharolethron
(Kantharolethron, Strab. vii. p. 330; Plut. de An. Tranq. 475. 45; Arist. Mirab.
Ausc. 120; Plin. xi. 34), so called because black beetles could not live there.
Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 73) speaks of only one extant coin of Olynthus--the type a
head of Heracles, with the lion's skin; but Mr. Millingen has engraved one of
those beautiful Chalcidian coins on which the legend OLUNTh surrounds the head
of Apollo on the one side, and the word CHALCHIDEON, his lyre, on the reverse.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited June 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
OURANOUPOLIS (Ancient city) AGION OROS
Ouranopolis. A town in the peninsula Acte of Chalcidice in Macedonia, of which
we know nothing, except that it was founded by Alexarchus, the brother of Cassander,
king of Macedonia (Athen. iii. p. 98; Plin. iv. 10. s. 17). As Pliny does not
mention Sane in his list of the towns of Acte, it has been conjectured by Leake
that Uranopolis occupied the site of Sane.
PILOROS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Piloros, (Herod. vii. 122; Steph. B.). Atown of Sithonia in Macedonia, upon the
Singitic gulf, between Sane and Cape Ampelus, which probably occupied Vurvuri,
or one of the harbours adjacent to it on the N.
POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Kassandreia, Kasandreia: Eth. Kassandreus: Pinaka. A town situated
on the narrow isthmus which connects the peninsula of Pallene with the main land,
on which formerly stood the rich and flourishing city of Potidaea. (Strab. vii.
p. 330; Plin. iv. 10.)
Potidaia: Eth. Potidaiates, Potidaieus. A Dorian city originally colonised
from Corinth (Thuc. i. 56; Scymn. Ch. v. 628), though at what period is not known;
it must have existed before the Persian wars. It surrendered to the Persians on
their march into Greece. (Herod. vii. 123.) After the battle of Salamis it closed
its gates against Artabazus, who at the head of a large detachment had escorted
Xerxes to the Hellespont. On his return this general laid siege to the place of
which he would probably have obtained possession through the treachery of one
of its citizens, had not the plot been accidentally discovered. An attempt afterwards
made against it by the Persians was unsuccessful, from a sudden influx of the
sea, while the troops were crossing the bay to attack the town; a great part of
the Persian force was destroyed, the remainder made a hasty retreat. (Herod. viii.
127.) There was a contingent of 300 men sent by Potidaea to the united Greek forces
at Plataea. (Herod. ix. 28.) Afterwards Potidaea became one of the tributary allies
of Athens, but still maintained a certain metropolitan allegiance to Corinth.
Certain magistrates under the title of Epidemiurgi were sent there every year
from Corinth. (Thuc. i. 56.) In B.C. 432 Potidaea revolted from Athens, and allied
itself with Perdiccas and the Corinthians. After a severe action, in which the
Athenians were finally victorious, the town was regularly blockaded; it did not
capitulate till the end of the second year of the war, after going through such
extreme suffering from famine that even some who died were eaten by the survivors.
(Thuc. ii. 70.) A body of 1,000 colonists were sent from Athens to occupy Potidaea
and the vacant territory. (Diod. xii. 46.) On the occupation of Amphipolis and
other Thracian towns by Brasidas, that general attempted to seize upon the garrison
of Potidaea, but the attack failed. (Thuc. iv. 135.) In 382, Potidaea was in the
occupation of the Olynthians. (Xen. Hell. vii. § 16.) In 364, it was taken by
Timotheus the Athenian general. (Diod. xv. 81; comp. Isocr. de Antid. p. 119.)
Philip of Macedon seized upon it and gave it up to the Olynthians. (Diod. xvi.
8.) The Greek population was extirpated or sold by him. Cassander founded a new
city on the site of Potidaea, and assembled on this spot not only many strangers
but also Greeks of the neighbourhood, especially the Olynthians, who were still
surviving the destruction of their city. He called it after his own name Cassandreia.
(Diod. xix. 52; Liv.xliv. 11.) Cassandreia is the natural port of the fertile
peninsula of Pallene (Kassandhra), and soon became great and powerful, surpassing
all the Macedonian cities in opulence and splendour. (Diod. l. c.) Arsinoe, widow
of Lysimachus, retired to this place with her two sons. (Polyaen. viii. 57.) Ptolemy
Ceraunus, her half-brother, succeeded by treachery in wresting the place from
her. Like Alexandreia and Antioch, it enjoyed Greek municipal institutions, and
was a republic under the Macedonian dominion, though Cassander's will was its
law as long as he lived. (Niebuhr, Lectures on Ancient History, vol. iii. pp.
231, 253.) About B.C. 279 it came under the dominion of Apollodorus, one of the
most detestable tyrants that ever lived. (Diod. Exc. p. 563.) Philip, the son
of Demetrius, made use of Cassandreia as his principal naval arsenal, and at one
time caused 100 galleys to be constructed in the docks of that port. (Liv. xxviii.
8.)
In the war with Perseus his son (B.C. 169), the Roman fleet in conjunction
with Eumenes, king of Pergamus, undertook the siege of Cassandreia, but they were
compelled to retire (Liv. xliv. 11, 12.) Under Augustus a Roman colony settled
at Cassandreia. (Marquardt, in Becker's Handbuch der Rom. Alt. vol. iii. pt. i.
p. 118; Eckhel, D. N. vol. ii. p. 70.) This city at length fell before the barbarian
Huns, who left hardly any traces of it. (Procop. B.P. ii. 4, de Aedif. iv. 3;
comp. Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 152.)
For coins of Cassandreia, both autonomous and imperial, see Eckhel.
The type constantly found is the head of Ammon, in whose worship they seem to
have joined with the neighbouring people of Aphytis.
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SANI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Eth. Sanios, Senaios, Sanaios. A colony of Andros, situated upon the
low, undulating ground, forming the isthmus which connects the peninsula of Acte
with Chalcidice, through which the canal of Xerxes passed. Masses of stone and
mortar, with here and there a large and squared block, and foundations of Hellenic
walls, which are found upon this Provlaka or neck of land, mark the site of ancient
Sane, which was within Acte and turned towards the sea of Euboea.
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SERMYLI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Sermulioi. A town of Chalcidice, between Galepsus and Mecyberna, which gave
its name to the Toronaic gulf, which was also called Sermilicus Sinus (kolpos
Sermulikos, Scyl.). The modern Ormylia, between Molyvo and Derna, is identified
from its name, which differs little from the ancient form, with the site of Sermyle.
SINGOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Singaioi. A town of Sithonia in Macedonia, upon the gulf to which
it gave its name, Singiticus Sinus (Singitikos kolpos, Ptol. l. c.: Gulf of Aghion
Oros), identified with Sykia, probably a corrupted form of the old name.
SITHONIA (Ancient area) HALKIDIKI
Sithonia (Sithonie, Herod. vii. 123; Steph. B.; Virg. Bucol. x. 66; Hor. Carm.
i. 18. 9: Longos), the central of the three prongs which run out into the Aegean
from the great peninsula of Chalcidice, forming a prolongation to the peak called
Solomon or Kholomon. The Sithonian peninsula, which, though not so hilly as that
of Acte, is not so inviting as Pallene, was the first, it appears, to be occupied
by the Chalcidic colonists.
SKIONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Skione, Eth. Skionaios, Skioneus. The chief town on the isthmus of
Pallene in Macedonia. Although it called itself Achaean, like many other colonial
towns, in default of any acknowledged mother-city, it traced its origin to warriors
returning from Troy. Under concert with Brasidas the Scionaeans proclaimed their
revolt from Athens, two days after the truce was sworn, March, B.C. 421. Brasidas,
by a speech which appealed to Grecian feeling, wound up the citizens to the highest
pitch of enthusiasm. The Athenians, furious at the refusal of the Lacedaemonians
to give up this prize, which they had gained after the truce, passed a resolution,
under the instigation of Cleon to kill all the grown-up male inhabitants of the
place, and strictly besieged the town, which Brasidas was unable to relieve, though
he had previously conveyed away the women and children to a place of safety. After
a long blockade Scione surrendered to the Athenians, who put all the men of military
age to death, and sold the women and children to slavery. The site of this ill-fated
city must be sought for between the capes Paliuri and Posidhi.
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SPARTOLOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of the Chalcidic peninsula, at no great distance from Olynthus, under the
walls of which the Athenian forces were routed, B.C. 249. It belonged to the Bottiaeans,
and was perhaps their capital, and was of sufficient importance to be mentioned
in the treaty between Sparta and Athens in the tenth year of the Peloponnesian
War.
STAGIRA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Stageiros, Stageira, al. Stanteira. A town of Chalcidice in Macedonia,
and a colony of Andros. The army of Xerxes, after passing through the plain of
Syleus, passed through Stageirus to arrive at Acanthus. In the eighth year of
the Peloponnesian War it surrendered to Brasidas, and two years afterwards was
included in the treaty between Sparta and Athens. It was the birthplace of Aristotle.
Alexander, from regard to his great teacher, restored this town, which with other
Grecian colonies in that quarter had fallen into decay, when W. Thrace had become
part of the Macedonian kingdom. (Plut. Alex. 7; Diog. Laert. v. § 4; Theophr.
H. P. 102; Aelian, V. H. iii. 17.) But the improvement was not permanent, and
no memorial of the birthplace of Aristotle remains, unless the coins inscribed
Orthagoreon are of this place, as Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 73) supposed, on the authority
of a fragment in the Geographi Minores (vol. iv. p. 42, ed. Hudson). Leake (Northern
Greece, vol. iii. p. 168) has fixed the site at Stavros, which he considers to
be a contraction of the old name: it is almost presumption to differ with so great
an authority in comparative geography; but it may be observed that the name Stavros
or Cross is common enough in Greece, and Mr. Bowen (Mount Athos, &c. p. 120, London,
1852) has shown, from a comparison with the passage in Herodotus, that the traditional
belief of the Macedonian peasants in identifying Isboros or Nizoro, as it is called
by them, with Stageirus, rests upon satisfactory grounds. The position of this
village, on the S. face of a wooded mountain which commands a view of Mt. Athos
and the Aegean, is very much that of an Hellenic city, and there are vast substructions
of Hellenic masonry all around. The Epitomiser of Strabo (vii. p. 331), who lived
not long before the eleventh century, has a port and island called Caprus (Kapros)
near Stageirus, which is probably the island of Leftheridha near C. Marmari; Leake
prefers, in accordance with his views that Stavros represents Stageirus,
the port and island of Lybtzadha.
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STRATONIKIA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Stratonike (Ptol. iii. 13. § 11). A town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, which Ptolemy
places on the Singitic gulf. Leake (Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 160) considers
that there is here the same mistake as in the case of Acanthus, and refers it
to theHellenic remains on the coastof the Strymonic gulf in the confined valley
of Stratoni.
THERAMVO (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Thrambus (Therambos, Thrambos, Thrambeis, Thrambousia deiras). A town
of the peninsula Pallene, in Chalcidice in Macedonia, is called a promontory by
Stephanus B., and is hence supposed by Leake (Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 156)
to have occupied a position very near the promontory Canastraeum, the most southerly
point of Pallene; but from the order of the names in Scylax we would rather place
it at the promontory upon the western side of the peninsula, called Posidium by
Thucydides (iv. 129).
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TORONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Eth. Toronaios. A town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated upon the
SW. coast of the peninsula of Sithonia. It was said to have derived its name from
Torone, a daughter of Proeteus or Poseidon and Phoenice. (Steph. B. s. v. Torone.)
It was a Greek colony, founded by the Chalcidians of Euboea, and appears to have
been originally the chief settlement of the Chalcidians in these parts. Hence
the gulf lying between the peninsulas of Sithonia and Torone was generally called
the Toronaean, now the Gulf of Kassaindhra. (Toronaikos kolpos, Steph. B. s. v.
Torone; Ptol. iii. 13. § 13; Toronikos kolpos, Strab. vii. p. 330; Scyimn. Ch.
640; Toronaicum mare, Liv. xliv. 11; Toronaeus sinus, Tac. Ann. v. 10.) Like the
other Greek cities in these parts, Torone furnished ships and men to the army
of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. (Herod. vii. 122.) After the Persian War
Torone came under the dominion of Athens. In B.C. 424 a party in the town opened
the gates to Brasidas, but it was retaken by Cleon two years afterwards. (Thuc.
iv. 110, seq., v. 2.) At a later time it seems to have been subject to Olynthus,
since it was recovered by the Athenian general Timotheus. (Diodor. xv. 81.) It
was annexed by Philip, along with the other Chalcidian cities, to the Macedonian
empire. (Diodor. xvi. 53.) In the war against Perseus, B.C. 169, it was attacked
by a Roman fleet, but without success. (Liv. xliv. 12.) Theophrastus related that
the Egyptian bean grew in a marsh near Torone (ap. Athen. iii. p. 72, d.); and
Archestratus mentions a particular kind of fish, for which Torone was celebrated
(ap. Athen. vii. p. 310, c.). The harbour of Torone was called Cophos (Kophos),
or deaf, because being separated from the sea by two narrow passages, the noise
of the waves was never heard there: hence the proverb kophoteros tou Toronaiou
limenos. (Strab. vii. p. 330; Mela, ii. 3; Zenob. Prov. Graec. cent. iv. pr. 68.)
This port is apparently the same as the one called by Thucydides (v. 2) the harbour
of the Colophonians, which he describes as only a little way from the city of
the Toronaeans. Leake conjectures that we ought perhaps to read Kophon instead
of Kolophonion. It is still called Kufo, and Torone likewise retains its ancient
name. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 119, 155, 455.)
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AFYTIS (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
A town in Macedonia containing a celebrated temple and oratory of Zeus Ammon.
AGION OROS (Mountain) HALKIDIKI
The mountainous peninsula also called Acte, which projects from
Chalcidice in Macedonia. At its extremity it rises to the height of 6349 feet;
the voyage round it was so dreaded by mariners that Xerxes had a canal cut through
the isthmus which connects the peninsula with the mainland to afford a passage
to his fleet. The isthmus is about 1 1/2 mile across, and there are distinct traces
of the canal to be seen at the present day. The peninsula contained several flourishing
cities in antiquity, and is now studded with numerous monasteries, cloisters,
and chapels. In these monasteries some valuable MSS. of ancient authors have been
discovered.
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GALIPSOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town in Macedonia, on the Toronaic Gulf.
GIGONOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Gigonos). A town and promontory of Macedonia on the Thermaic Gulf.
HALKIDIKI (Ancient area) GREECE
A district of Macedonia, between the Sinus Thermaicus and Strymonicus. The lower part of it formed three peninsulas--Phlegra or Pallene, Sithonia, and Athos. The small town of Chalcis gave name to this district.
MENDI (Ancient city) KASSANDRA
Mendae. A town on the west coast of the Macedonian peninsula Pallene and on the Thermaic Gulf, a colony of the Eretrians, and celebrated for its wine
MIKYVERNA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Mekuberna). A town of Macedonia in Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf, east of Olynthus, of which it was the sea-port.
OLYNTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Olunthos). A town of Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic
Gulf, and the most important of the Greek cities on the coast of Macedonia. It
was at the head of a confederacy of all the Greek towns in its neighbourhood,
and maintained its independence, except for a short interval, when it was subject
to Sparta (379-375), till it was taken and destroyed by Philip, B.C. 347. The
Olynthiac orations of Demosthenes were delivered by the orator to urge the Athenians
to send assistance to the city when it was attacked by Philip. When the supremacy
of Sparta was destroyed by the Thebans, Olynthus recovered its independence, and
even received an accession of power from Philip, who was anxious to make Olynthus
a counterpoise to the influence of Athens in the north of the Aegean. With this
view Philip gave Olynthus the territory of Potidaea, after he had wrested this
town from the Athenians in 356. But when he had sufficiently consolidated his
power to be able to set at defiance both Olynthus and Athens, he threw off the
mask, and laid siege to the former city. The Olynthians earnestly besought Athens
for assistance, and were warmly supported by Demosthenes in his Olynthiac orations;
but as the Athenians did not render the city any effectual assistance, it was
taken and destroyed by Philip, and all its inhabitants sold as slaves (347). Olynthus
was never restored. Olynthus used the town of Mecyberna as its port.
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POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Potidaia). A town in Macedonia, on the narrow isthmus of the peninsula Pallene,
was a colony of the Corinthians. It afterwards became tributary to Athens, and
its revolt from the latter city, in B.C. 432, was one of the immediate causes
of the Peloponnesian War. It was taken by the Athenians in 429, after a siege
of more than two years, its inhabitants expelled, and their place supplied by
Athenian colonists. In 356 it was taken by Philip, who destroyed the city and
gave its territory to the Olynthians. Cassander built a new city on the same site,
to which he gave the name of Cassandrea, and which soon became the most flourishing
city in all Macedonia.
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SERMYLI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town in Macedonia on the peninsula Sithonia or its isthmus.
SINGOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
SITHONIA (Ancient area) HALKIDIKI
The central one of the three peninsulas running out from Chalcidice
in Macedonia, between the Toronaic and Singitic gulfs. The Thracians were originally
spread over the greater part of Macedonia; and the ancients derived the name of
Sithonia from a Thracian king, Sithon. We also find mention of a Thracian people,
Sithonii, on the shores of the Pontus Euxinus; and the poets frequently use Sithonis
and Sithonius in the general sense of Thracicus.
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SKIONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
The chief town in the Macedonian peninsula of Pallene, on the western coast. It revolted from Athens in the Peloponnesian War, and being taken by Cleon, the male inhabitants were put to death and the women and children sold as slaves.
STAGIRA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
(Stageiros), subsequently Stagira (ta Stageira). Now Stavro;
a town of Macedonia, in Chalcidice, on the Strymonic Gulf, and a little north
of the isthmus which unites the promontory of Athos to Chalcidice. It was a colony
of Andros, was founded B.C. 656, and was originally called Orthagoria. It is celebrated
as the birthplace of Aristotle, who in English literature is often spoken of as
"the Stagirite."
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Museum (Mouseion). Originally a temple of the Muses, then a place dedicated to
the works of the Muses. In this sense the most remarkable and most important museum
of antiquity was that established at Alexandria by Ptolemy Philadelphus in the
first half of the third century B.C., or perhaps by his father, Ptolemy Soter...
The Alexandrian Museum was probably suggested by the Museum at Athens founded
in accordance with the will of Theophrastus, the pupil of Aristotle ( Diog. Laert.v.
5). This may have taken its name (Mouseion) from the earlier Mouseion at Stagira,
Aristotle's birthplace.
TORONI (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
A town of Macedonia, in the district of Chalcidice, and on the southwest side of the peninsula Sithonia, from which the gulf between the peninsulas Sithonia and Pallene was called Sinus Toronaicus.
HALKIDIKI (Ancient area) GREECE
Large peninsula southeast of Macedon,
in the northwestern Aegean Sea
looking somehow like a hand with three fingers.
Chalcidice was also the name of the region of the island of Euboea
around the city of Chalcis.
In fact, the Thracian peninsula owed its name to the fact the the first Greek
settlers in the area came from Chalcis
(and Eretria, a nearby city
of Euboea) toward the VIIIth
century B. C., founding such cities as Mende,
Torone, Scione.
Bernard Suzanne (page last updated 1998), ed.
This text is cited July 2003 from the Plato and his dialogues URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks.
MONI FILOTHEOU (Monastery) AGION OROS
HALKIDIKI (Prefecture) MAKEDONIA CENTRAL
KALIKRATIA (Municipality) HALKIDIKI
STAGIRA OF AKANTHOS (Municipality) HALKIDIKI
AKANTHOS (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI
Ancient Acanthus is located on the north-east side of Akti, on the
most eastern peninsula of Halkidiki, and on the spot of present Ierissos.
Thoukididis reported Acanthus, while Ploutarhos refered to it as a mixed colony
of Andrians and Halkideans, which was founded on the "Coast of Drakontos", in
the place of a preexisting civilization. According to Efsevio and archaeological
data its possible time of foundation is 655 B.C. Its economic resources emanated
from the mining and the forestal wealth but also through agricultural and vegetable
products that were transported through the appreciable harbour.
The precocious history is not known. Its growth during the Archaic
period is reflected by the big circulation of its currency, which began around
530 B.C. with the distinctive emblem of the bull killing lion. At least 92 different
types of coins have been found. The first historical reference, even from the
middle of the 6th cent B.C. connect the city with the Persian wars. As a free
city, Acanthus initially was a member of the Athenian Alliance but later joined
the Spartians. In the beginning of the 4th cent B.C., during a period of big acne,
it was opposed of joining the Halkidiki Alliance. So in 348 B.C. it was conquered
by the Macedonians however without being destroyed. Later it was incorporated
to the region of Ouranoupolis,
a new city that was founded in the isthmus, between the Strimonic and the Siggitiko
gulfs by Alexarhos, brother of Kassandros. According to Livios in 200 B.C., Acanthus
was beseiged by the Romans, who, as it appears, exploited all the natural sources
of wealth and its harbour. Life of Acanthus continued during the Byzantine period
up to the newer years.
The ancient city is extended along a graphic hillside, 600 metres
roughly south-east from the settlement of Ierissos, where relics of walls, an
impressive department of citadel, scattered architectural pieces and building
remnants of Hellenistic years still remain. In the same archaeological place there
is a deserted Byzantine and two post Byzantine churches still remaing. Acanthus
has not been unearthed yet contrary to the necropolis (graveyard), in which research
began in 1973. Particularly extensive is the sight of the cemetery which possesses
the seaside of Ierissos and up to today more from 600 graves have been discovered.
The graveyard seems to have been used for a big period, starting from
the Archaic season up to the Roman years, and later, perhaps with certain intervals
in between each period of time,and up to the 17th Cent. B.C. The graves are extended
in two or three at least layers, or in small depths in the layer of the earth,
or in deeper in the sand. The provision of the graves is usually parallel in the
line of the seashore. The orientation of the dead is, in most cases, southeast
(skulls of the dead - and the tops of jugs). In Acanthus both adults and children
were buried in the same area according to ancient burial customs.Various types
of graves have been discovered some are simple dirt holes,while others have been
coated with clay or undecorated clay urns, sometimes however with a painting decoration,
box shaped graves, clay covered and also some smaller containers, some jug-shaped
which most probabaly constituted the bigger percentage of infant or childr's burials.
The belongings, that were usually placed in the graves next to or
above the dead, are many in variety and some of them were found in earthen containers.
Many times the possesions that accompanied the dead were personal or related with
their professions and their personal occupations, such as jewels, pins, buckles,
mirrors, weopons, needles, hooks, bill-hooks, and knives. Arms are seldom revealed.
Very often in feminine and in the children's particularly graves, clay figurines
which represent various feminine and male forms, actors, animals and also solid
food have been found. The discoveries also present a variety in origin. Some of
them trace over to other commercial centres and various workshops of the ancient
world which prove the growth of local production. Burial customs, and similar
types of graves which have been discovered, resemble a lot of other cemeteries
in other ancient cities of Macedonia
and Thrace. This reveals
the connection through commercial transactions so much with the Greek-speaking
East but also with other well-known centres of the island area and especially
Evia, Athens,
Corinthos and Viotia.
AMMOULIANI (Island) HALKIDIKI
GLAROKAVOS (Settlement) HALKIDIKI
Glarocavos is a small, beautiful and natural gulf which is situated south of Pefkohori and is a place where you can enjoy the blue sea.
KALAMITSI (Settlement) HALKIDIKI
Kalamitsi is a settlement on the shore of a beautiful bay which consists of many
small beaches, now equipped with campaign sides, restaurants, rent rooms etc.
PIGADAKIA (Settlement) HALKIDIKI
Pigadaki is the name of the tiny settlement of eight inhabitants which surrounds
the picturesque port of Sikia
and now boasts several fish tavernas.
PORTO KOUFO (Port) HALKIDIKI
Photo Album in URL, information in Greek only.
TORONI (Village) HALKIDIKI
Toroni stretches northwards along the beach from the ancient Acropolis of Likythos
Its 239 inhabitants mostly occupy themselves with the tourist trade running seafront
rent rooms and fish tavernas.
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