Εμφανίζονται 100 (επί συνόλου 731) τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Πληροφορίες για τον τόπο στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ Χώρα ΕΥΡΩΠΗ" .
ΜΕΚΛΕΜΒΟΥΡΓΟ-ΠΡΟΠΟΜΜΕΡΑΝΙΑ (Πολιτεία) ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ
ΣΛΕΣΒΙΧ-ΧΟΛΣΤΑΪΝ (Πολιτεία) ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ
ΒΑΔΗ-ΒΥΡΤΕΜΒΕΡΓΗ (Πολιτεία) ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ
ΚΟΛΩΝΙΑ (Πόλη) ΒΟΡΕΙΑ ΡΗΝΑΝΙΑ-ΒΕΣΤΦΑΛΙΑ
Colonia Agrippina or Agrippinensis, or simply Agrippina (Cologne,
as the French and English call it; Coln, and Koln, as the Germans call it), a
town on the left bank of the Rhine on the Roman road, which ran from Augusta Rauracorum
(Angst near Bale) past Strassburg, Worms, Mainz, Bingen, Coblenz, and Bonn. The
road was continued on the left bank of the Rhine from Cologne, through Novesium
(Neuss), Colonia Trajana (Kellen near Cleves), Noviomagus (Nymegen), and thence
to Lugdunum (Leyden). The position is determined by the Itineraries and by the
name. There are also medals of Colonia Agrippinensis, and the name occurs on inscriptions.
This town was originally called Oppidum Ubiorum (Tacit. Ann. i. 36),
and it was the chief town of the Ubii, a German nation. The Ubii were on the east
side of the Rhine in Caesar's time; but under Augustus they removed across the
Rhine under the protection of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, to escape from the attacks
of their neighbours the Catti. Agrippina, the wife of Claudius and the daughter
of Germanicus Caesar, who was born at the Oppidum Ubiorum while her father commanded
in these parts prevailed on her husband (A.D. 51) to send a colony of veteran
soldiers there, and from that time the place had her name. (Tacit. Ann. xii. 27;
Strabo, p. 194.) The Agrippinenses were made Juris Italici (Paulus, Dig. 50. tit.
15. s. 8), that is, the place had the Jus Italicum, which was a great privilege;
but it does not appear whether it was conferred at the time of the colonisation
or afterwards. An inscription in Gruter shows that it was also called Colonia
Claudia Augusta Agrippinensium. Tacitus (Germ. c. 28; Hist. iv. 28) observes that
the Ubii were willingly called Agrippinenses, from the name of their founder (conditoris
sui), as if Agrippa founded the colony, though, in the passage already cited,
Tacitus ascribes the foundation of the colony to Agrippina, or to her interest
at least.
Cologne is well placed for a large town, being just below the point
where the flats of the Netherlands commence, in a fertile country, and forming
a convenient place of transit between the countries on the east and west sides
of the Rhine. Its position on the German frontier involved it in trouble during
the insurrection of Civilis, whom the people at length joined. The Transrhenane
Germans were jealous of Cologne, which had grown rich. (Tacit. Hist. iv. 28.)
The Colonia was protected by a wall, which the rude Germans on the other bank
of the Rhine considered a badge of slavery. The Roman settlers and the Germans
in the place had intermarried. The town had a transit trade, which was burdened
with duties; and probably the people levied tolls on the boats that went up and
down the river (Tacit. Hist. iv. 63-65), an obstacle to commerce which long existed
on the Rhine.
Cologne became the chief town of Germania Secunda or Inferior. Aulus
Vitellius was at Cologne, as governor of the Lower Germania, when he was proclaimed
emperor by the soldiers. (Sueton. Vitell. c. 8.) There was a temple of Mars at
Cologne, in which a sword was hung up, that was said to have been the sword of
Divus Julius. Vitellius went about the most crowded streets of Cologne with this
sword in his hand, when he was proclaimed emperor, and carried it off with him.
But he sent the sword with which Otho killed himself, to be dedicated in the temple
of Mars at Cologne. (Vitell. c. 10.)
Trajan was also at Cologne when Nerva died A.D. 98, and he assumed
the imperial insignia there. (Oros. vii. 12.) Ammianus (xv. 11) mentions Cologne
under the name of Agrippina, and Tungri (Tongern), as large and rich cities of
Secunda Germania. The place was taken by the Franks, but was recovered by Julian
about A.D. 356, at which time it was a strongly fortified place. It is also mentioned
by Zosimus (i. 38), under the name of Agrippina, as a very large city. In the
Notitia it is called Metropolis civitas Agrippinensium.
The Roman remains of Cologne consist of what is called the Pfaffenporte,
supposed to be the old Porta Claudia, with the inscription C. C. A. A., and some
remains of the walls. Many statues, sarcophagi, and other Roman remains have been
found there. Some authorities speak of traces of a subterranean passage from Cologne
to Treves, which is an absurd fiction. There was a Roman road from Augusta Trevirorum
to Cologne, the line of which appears to be indicated plain enough in some parts
by the directions and position of the modern road. The old town of Cologne was
that which was surrounded with walls by the Romans, and until near the close of
the twelfth century was called the civitas intra coloniam. The circuit of the
ancient Colonia is described by Gelenius (De admiranda sacra et civili magnitudine
Coloniae, Col. 1645, 4to.; referred to by Eichhorn). About A.D. 1180 a new wall
inclosed the suburbs.
Cologne was made a Roman city juris Italici, which means that the
municipal government and a limited jurisdiction in civil matters were in the hands
of the city magistrates, whether they were called Duumviri or by any other name,
and of an Ordo (Curia). The criminal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction in more
important civil matters were in the hands of the Consularis or governor of Germania
Secunda, whose residence was at Cologne. It seems a very reasonable conjecture
that this important city never entirely lost its original constitution, and that
its municipal system as it existed in the middle ages, as they are called, is
of Roman original. Though this cannot be proved, it is shown to be very probable
by Eichhorn (Ueber den Ursprung der Stadtischen Verfassung in Deutschland, Zeitschrift
fur Geschicht. Rechtswissenschaft, Band ii). The place fell into the hands of
the Franks in the first half of the fifth century, A. D.; and if it be true that
the Roman general Aetius recovered it, as some assume, the Romans did not keep
it, for Childeric, the father of Chlodowig, had possession of the place. He spared
the fortifications of Cologne, though he destroyed those of Treves. It was the
residence of the Frankish kings in Chlodowig's time, and is often mentioned in
Frankish history as a strongly fortified place. It is well known that, as a general
rule, the Franks allowed their Roman subjects to retain their own law, and it
necessarily follows that they must have allowed them, to some extent at least,
to retain the Roman institutions, without which the Roman law could not have been
applied. Cologne was the first large Roman town that the Frankish kings got possession
of, and there were reasons sufficient why they should allow this ancient and powerful
city to retain its municipal constitution; and it is difficult to think of any
reasons why they should destroy it. The investigation of this subject by Eichhorn
is highly interesting.
This text is from: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD). Cited August 2004 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΑ (Χώρα) ΕΥΡΩΠΗ
The Roman name for the territory bounded on the west by the
river Rhenus (Rhine); on the east by the river Vistula and the Carpates (Carpathian)
Mountains; on the south by the river Hister or Danubius (Danube); Germania. (Kiepert.)
and on the north by the German Ocean. The northern and northeastern parts of Gallia
Belgica were also called Germania Prima and Germania Secunda under the Empire,
in contrast to which Germany Proper was styled Germania Magna, Germania Barbara,
and Germania Transrhenana.
The Roman writers describe it as a dreary waste, covered for
the most part with dense forests and morasses, and subject to heavy frosts and
almost continuous cold, so that it is probable that the clearing of the soil and
the draining of the swamps have, since the days of the Roman Empire, considerably
modified the climate of the country. The wooded mountains of Southern Germany
were usually called Silvae by the Romans, the most famous being the Hercynia Silva
or Hercynius Saltus, including the modern Schwarzwald or Black Forest, the Odenwald,
the Thuringerwald, the Erzgebirge, the Harz, and the Riesengebirge. The chief
rivers of Germany were the Rhenus, Danubius, Vistula, Amisia (Ems), Visurgis (Weser),
Albis (Elbe), and Viadus (Oder).
The people whom the Romans called Germani were a branch of
the Teutonic race, and are first mentioned in history in the fourth century B.C.
The name is of uncertain etymology, being by some derived from a Keltic root,
meaning "the shouters" (i. e. boen agathoi), by others from a second
Keltic root meaning "neighbours," and by others from the German ger,
gwer--i. e. Heer, ="the warriors." Tacitus says (Germania, 2) that the
name Germani was applied to the Tungri, the first German people to cross the Rhine,
and appears to have been extended in its use by the Gauls to the whole race. The
name Teutones was not the generic name for them in the time of the Romans, but
is the base of the modern appellation Deutsch; the same with the Gothic Thiuda,
"the people." The modern French name for the Germans, Allemands, is
derived from the name of the tribes, who formed a league on the upper Rhine under
the appellation Alemanni or Alamanni (alle Manner). The Germans, though having
no common name, regarded themselves as having a common descent from Mannus, the
first man, son of the god Tuisco. Mannus was fabled to have had three sons, from
whom sprang the three great German peoples-- the Istaevones, Ingaevones, and the
Herminones. The first of these are the people with whom the Romans were oftenest
brought into contact, since they held both banks of the Rhine. Subdivisions of
this race were the Ubii (near Cologne); the Usipetes, Tencteri, Sicambri, and
Bructeri (from the Lippe to the Ruhr); the Chatti or Catti (Hesse), and the Batavi.
Famous groups of the Ingaevones were the Frisii, the Chauci, and the Cherusci,
along the North Sea and the banks of the Weser and the Ems. The most numerous
of the three great divisions were the Herminones in Central Germany, extending
to the east as far as the Vistula and the Carpathians. They included the powerful
Suevi (to whom belonged the Marcomanni of Bohemia and the Semnones of Brandenburg),
the Hermunduri of the Thuringerwald, the Lombardi or Langobardi at the mouth of
the Elbe, the Vandali along the upper banks of the same river, the Heruli west
of the Vistula, and the Quadi in what is now Moravia.
The Germani were a stalwart, vigorous, and warlike race, with
long, blond hair, fresh complexions, and blue eyes, living in wooden huts, which
they often shared with their cattle, and engaging in the chase and in the fierce
joys of warfare. Though violent and often cruel, they were not given to treachery,
but were, as a rule, kindly and hospitable. Chastity was highly esteemed in women
and was rarely lacking among them. The wife was wholly subject to the husband,
but was treated with great consideration by him and consulted in the important
affairs of life. The children were bred up to be hardy and enduring, the boys
being taught at an early age the use of weapons. The majority of the people were
free (ingenui), though there was a second class, described by Tacitus as liberti
(leti, A. S. laet), who had no political rights, and a third class composed of
slaves (servi) who were either prisoners taken in war or those persons who had
been sold for debt. Some tribes had kings, and there was a small body of nobles
(nobiles). All freemen, however, were equal in respect to their political equality,
the only difference between them being in the amount of the blood-money (A. S.
wergild) imposed as a fine for the killing of a king, a noble, or an ordinary
ingenuus. The special privilege of the famous warriors of the tribe was to gather
around them bands of young men emulous of the fame of their chieftains (principes).
Such bands are called by Tacitus comitatus, and contain the germ of the later
feudal system. The central governing body was the general assembly of the freemen
in arms, they constituting the civitas or nation. The king was elected from the
nobles, and did not succeed by inheritance. The divisions of the people were hardly
territorial, but corresponded to the divisions of the armed host. The pagus and
vicus, of which the Roman historians speak, were in reality divisions of the people.
At the time when Caesar wrote, the Germans were in a state of transition, passing
from the nomadic to an agricultural, settled condition. In Tacitus, they have
entirely ceased to be nomadic, but have become attached to a definite territory.
As to the religion of the Germans, the notices that have reached
us are scanty. The chief deity was Wotan, the same as the Scandinavian Odin, the
god of the sky and the air, delighting in warfare and the chase, and represented
as riding upon a white horse. Donar, the Scandinavian Thor, the god of thunder,
was identified by the Romans with Hercules and afterwards with Iupiter. A third
deity was Tyr or Ziu, the god of war, regarded by Tacitus as Mars. A goddess,
Nerthus, was worshipped by the tribes along the Baltic, presiding over marriage,
the household, the children, and the realm of the dead. She is the same as the
Saxon Fria or Frigg, and the Frankish Holda. There were also three fatal sisters--two
fair and beneficent, one dark and malign; besides giants, elves, and dwarfs. After
death, the brave were believed to enter Walhalla. The priests were very influential
among the Germans, offering sacrifices, and predicting the future from the neighing
of horses and the flight of birds.
History.--The Germans first appear in history in the campaigns
of the Cimbri and Teutones (B.C. 113), the latter of whom were undoubtedly a Germanic
people. About fifty years afterwards, Ariovistus, a German chief, crossed the
Rhine with a vast host of Germans and subdued a great part of Gaul; but he was
defeated by Caesar with great slaughter in B.C. 58 and driven beyond the Rhine.
Caesar twice crossed this river (in 55 and 53), but made no permanent conquest
on the eastern bank. In the reign of Augustus, his step-son Drusus carried on
war in Germany with great success for four years (B.C. 12-9), and penetrated as
far as the Elbe. In the course of his operations he cut a canal between the Yssel
and the Rhine, and built no less than fifty forts along the latter river. On his
death (B.C. 9), his brother Tiberius succeeded to the command; and under him the
country between the Rhine and the Visurgis (Weser) was entirely subjugated, and
seemed likely to become a Roman province. But in A.D. 9, the impolitic and tyrannical
conduct of the Roman governor Quinctilius Varus provoked a general insurrection
of the various German tribes, headed by Arminius, the Cheruscan, who had himself
been a soldier of Rome, and for his bravery had been made a knight. Varus and
his legions were enticed into the Teutoburg Forest, where, in the narrow defiles,
the Germans fell upon them with impetuous fury, so that they were defeated and
destroyed, and the Romans lost all their conquests east of the Rhine. The defeat
of Varus was avenged by the successful campaigns of Germanicus, who would probably
have recovered the Roman dominions east of the river, had not the jealousy of
Tiberius recalled him to Rome in A.D. 16. From this time the Romans abandoned
all further attempts to conquer Germany; but in consequence of the civil dissensions
which broke out there soon after the departure of Tiberius, they were enabled
to obtain peaceable possession of a large portion of Southwestern Germany between
the Rhine and the Danube, to which they gave the name of the Agri Decumates. On
the death of Nero, several of the tribes in Western Germany joined the Batavi
in their insurrection against the Romans (A.D. 69- 71). Domitian and Trajan were
forced to repel the attacks of various German clans; but in the reign of Antoninus
Pius, the Marcomanni, joined by other tribes, made a more formidable attack upon
the Roman dominions, and even threatened the Empire with destruction. For thirteen
years Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held in check the vast hordes of barbarians,
who were striving to overwhelm the Roman lines of defence, which comprised powerful
fortresses and a great wall, remains of which are still to be seen in Southern
Germany. Around these forts sprang up towns, such as Vindobona (Vienna) and Iuvavum
(Salzburg) in the east, and Moguntiacum (Mayence), Colonia Agrippina (Cologne),
Argentoratum (Strassburg) and Bonna (Bonn) in the west. From this time the Romans
were often called upon to defend the left bank of the Rhine against their dangerous
neighbours, especially against the two powerful confederacies of the Alemanni
and Franci; and in the fourth and fifth centuries the Germans obtained possession
of some of the fairest provinces of the Empire.
The influence of the Germans upon the Romans was great and
continued to increase as time went on. Large numbers of the northern warriors
enlisted in the legions even as early as the time of Iulius and Augustus Caesar,
and gradually the whole army became permeated with German customs. Brunner even
regards the history of the later Empire as the history of a continual conflict
between the Germans and the Western Iberian elements; and has massed a great number
of curious and striking facts to support his view.
The Goths founded a great Germanic kingdom in the fourth century;
the Burgundians conquered the whole of the valley of the Rhone; and the Vandals
swept over Spain. The West Goths crossed the Danube, penetrated into Italy, and
under Alaric captured Rome itself. In the fifth century they conquered Southern
Gaul and nearly the whole of Spain. In the invasion of the Huns under Attila,
the Goths fought against him with the Romans, routing him at Chalons (A.D. 451),
and soon after, Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, became master of Italy in 476.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains interesting hyperlinks
Gelduba (Krefeld-Gellep) Germany.
An auxiliary castellum of the lower Germanic limes. Pliny (HN 19.90) mentions
Gelduba as a castellum Rheno impositum in an agriculturally rich area. The legate
Vocula constructed a camp here during the uprising of the Batavi. It was occupied
a short time and surrendered under pressure from Civilis (Tac. Hist. 4.26, 32,
35, 36, 58). After A.D. 70 an auxiliary castellum was built (It. Ant. 255.3) of
which so far the principia have been excavated. There was a vicus SE of the auxiliary
castellum. There are traces of ditches, possibly of a camp, and areas surrounded
by strong fences where Roman weapons have been found. From Flavian times until
the 3d c. A.D. Gelduba seems to have been the garrison of an ala; in Late Roman
times, perhaps of limitanei. The graves date from Neronic to Merovingian times.
Most of the finds are at the Niederrheinisches Landschaftsmuseum in
Krefeld-Linn; some at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn.
H. Von Petrikovits, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΜΠΙΝΓΚΕΝ (Πόλη) ΡΗΝΑΝΙΑ-ΠΑΛΑΤΙΝΑΤΟ
Bingium (Bingen) Rhineland Palatinate, Germany.
A Roman settlement on the right bank of the Nahe (ancient Nava) where it joins
the Rhine. A bridge of the Roman Rhine valley route which crossed the Nava at
this point was protected by a castellum for auxiliary troops in the first half
of the 1st c. A.D. Particularly important in the Roman road network was a route
from Bingen to the imperial town of Trier, which is marked in the Peutinger Table.
Stationed at Bingen were Cohors IV Delmatarum, Cohors I Pannoniorum, and Cohors
I Sagittiariorum, which is attested by gravestones, as well as the Legio XXII
Primigenia Pia Fidelis. In 370 the Roman writer Ausonius mentioned that the town
was surrounded by a wall which the emperor Julian had built in 359 (Amm. Marc.
18.2). There is evidence of milites Bingenses under a praefectus ca. 400.
Many graves from the civil settlement are preserved. The most notable
is a doctor's grave from the beginning of the 2d c. A.D., containing a rich assortment
of bronze instruments: basin, scalpel, trapan, pincers, spatula, etc. (exhibited
in Burg Klopp, Bingen).
H. Bullinger, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΡΟΤΕΝΜΠΟΥΡΓΚ (Πόλη) ΒΑΔΗ-ΒΥΡΤΕΜΒΕΡΓΗ
Sumelocenna (Rottenburg am Neckar) Baden-Wurttemburg, Germany.
ΣΑΑΡΜΠΡΥΚΕΝ (Πόλη) ΣΑΑΡ
Saravus (Saarbrucken) Saarland, Germany.
A Roman settlement founded early in the 1st c. A.D. at the Saar crossing of the
Metz-Worms road. There, in the angle of the Halberg and the river, developed a
considerable settlement of craftsmen and merchants. Within the town the Trier-Strassburg
road intersected the Worms road. A characteristic middle-class house contained
three adjacent rooms with hypocaust, cellar, and deep well. The eaves ran parallel
to the road. Parts of a larger villa urbana were discovered near the banks of
the Saar. A wooden bridge nearby had been replaced by one built of stone. Drinking
water was brought in through an impressive rock tunnel. A well-executed stone
statue of Mercury was found in a cult place outside the settlement; inside, the
torso of a Jupiter was found. During Late Imperial times a natural cave in the
side of the Halberg was enlarged for the Mithras cult.
Extensive fire damage followed a raid by Germanic tribes, probably
at the end of the 3d c. A.D.; the houses were rebuilt. In a second raid ca. 350
the villa was destroyed. In that area a small castellum with a polygonal ground
plan (77 x 93 m) was built as part of the reorganization under Valentinianus.
The land side had four round towers. Within the settlement and on the outskirts
necropoleis contained graves with both inhumations and cremations. From the late
period date ceramics of the Mayen type and a coin of Honorius (392-395). The construction
of the aqueduct is of special interest.
A. Kolling, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΧΙΛΝΤΕΣΧΑΪΜ (Πόλη) ΚΑΤΩ ΣΑΞΟΝΙΑ
Hildesheim (Niedersachsen) Germany.
A Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial silver treasure, found by chance in 1868
by soldiers setting up a rifle-range 0.5 km SE of Hildesheim at the foot of the
Galgenberg. The treasure consists exclusively of silver tableware, mostly dishes
and drinking vessels. These objects had been packed into a pit (ca. 1.2 x 0.9
m at the top and ca. 2.5 m deep), the smaller vessels hidden inside the larger
ones. Later investigations have made almost certain that this was not a grave
hoard but hidden treasure.
There is nothing now to be seen at this place, which lies ca. 250
km as the crow flies from the Roman Rhine border, in a district of Germania Libera
which remained outside Roman domination except during the Roman offensive war
E of the Rhine (11 B.C.-A.D. 16). Considering the geographical location of the
find spot, it is tempting to connect the treasure with these offensive wars and
to view it as originally the property either of P. Quinctilius Varus, killed in
A.D. 9, or of Germanicus, who campaigned there in A.D. 14-16. More recent investigations
have shown, however, that the latest pieces of the treasure were produced ca.
mid 1st c. A.D. Concerning the assembling of the various pieces of the treasure
and the occasion for their burial, nothing is known. The treasure is now in the
Staatliche Museen, Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, in West Berlin
R. Nierhaus, ed.
This text is from: The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites,
Princeton University Press 1976. Cited Feb 2006 from
Perseus Project URL below, which contains bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
Λάβετε το καθημερινό newsletter με τα πιο σημαντικά νέα της τουριστικής βιομηχανίας.
Εγγραφείτε τώρα!
