Εμφανίζονται 100 (επί συνόλου 140) τίτλοι με αναζήτηση: Αρχαιολογικοί χώροι στην ευρύτερη περιοχή: "ΝΟΤΙΟ ΑΙΓΑΙΟ Περιφέρεια ΕΛΛΑΔΑ" .
ΔΗΛΟΣ (Νησί) ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ
Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: Peristyle court; directly south of the Sacred Lake.
Date: ca. 110 B.C. - 88 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan: A trapezoidal court with a two-storied colonnade on all 4 sides.
Lower story of Doric columns and upper story of Ionic pillars. Rooms, shops and
exedra surrounded court on ground level.
History:
The Agora was built by Roman and other Italian merchants who used it for conducting
business or as a club house. The surrounding rooms and exedra were added over
a period of time.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Amphiprostyle temple; in the Sanctuary of Apollo, between
the Porinos Naos and the Delian Temple of Apollo.
Date: ca. 425 B.C. - 417 B.C.
Period: Classical
Plan:
Doric amphiprostyle temple, 6 columns at the front and back, single cella
with pronaos having 4 square pillars in antis and opening west. Semi-circular
statue base in cella.
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Site: Delos
Type: Bouleuterion
Summary: Rectangular council house; in the Sanctuary of Apollo,
between the Delian Temple of Apollo and the Neorium (Monument of the Bulls).
Date: ca. 600 B.C. - 550 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Rectangular building divided into 2 rooms. Larger southern room divided into
2 aisles by a central colonnade. Two entrances on western side of southern room
and one on eastern side. Smaller, nearly square northern room entered from the
southern one.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Peripteral temple; located in the Sanctuary of Apollo,
south of the Athenian Temple of Apollo.
Date: ca. 477 B.C.
Period: Classical
Plan:
Doric peripteral temple, 6 x 13 columns. West opening cella with a pronaos
and an opisthodomos, both distyle in antis.
History:
Completion delayed, and temple not completed until the end of the 4th century
B.C.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Meeting place for the council; on the northwestern corner
of the Sanctuary of Apollo, east of the Thesmophorium.
Date: ca. 450 B.C. - 150 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Two halls, both opening south.
History:
Numerous alterations and additions between the 5th century B.C. and the 2nd
century B.C. During the Roman period a small temple was erected on the same location.
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Site: Delos
Summary: House; on the western side of the Sanctuary of Apollo,
north of the Oikos of Andros.
Date: ca. 520 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Simple rectangular room with entrance on east.
History:
This small structure is also restored as having a narrow prodomos with 2 columns
in antis. Previously known (in conjunction with the Oikos of Andros) as the Monument
of the Hexagons, from the marble decoration of the walls.
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Site: Delos
Type: House
Summary: House: northwest of the Sacred Lake, among the other houses
of the north quarter.
Date: ca. 200 B.C. - 150 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Irregular rectangle, made up of several rooms arranged around a columned court.
History:
Named for a copy of a Polykleitos sculpture found there.
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Site: Delos
Type: House
Summary: House; near the Sacred Lake, directly to the north of the
Lake.
Date: ca. 300 B.C. - 100 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Irregular shaped house, with irregularly shaped rooms grouped around a courtyard.
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Site: Delos
Type: House Summary: House; in the theater quarter to the southeast
of the theater.
Date: ca. 120 B.C. - 80 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Large house with courtyards, and probably a colonnade on the outside northeast
corner.
History:
Walls painted to resemble marble. Mosaic pavements in 4 rooms depicting scenes
related either to Dionysos or to drama. May have served as a hostel for visiting
troops of performers.
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Site: Delos
Type: House
Summary: House with peristyle court; in the theater quarter on the
road of the theater.
Date: ca. 150 B.C. - 100 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Irregularly shaped with main door on the west leading to a large central courtyard
with a Rhodian peristyle of Doric columns. Impluvium within courtyard with cistern
for rainwater beneath.
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Site: Delos
Type: House
Summary: House; west of the Sacred Lake and west of the houses of
the north quarter.
Date: ca. 300 B.C. - 100 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan: Nearly square, several rectangular rooms off a court with a square peristyle.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Large hall with many interior columns; located off the
northwest corner of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 210 B.C. - 200 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan: Almost entirely open on the south side. Facade of 15 Doric (but fluted
as if Ionic) columns between pilasters. Interior colonnade of 44 columns, arranged
in 2 rectangles, one within the other, with a line of columns in the center (the
middle column of the line omitted). Outside rectangular colonnade was formed by
Doric columns taller than the 15 columns of the facade. Inner rectangular colonnade
of Ionic columns taller than both the outer rectangular colonnade and columns
of the facade. Hipped roof with an opaion supported by Ionic piers.
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Site: Delos
Summary: Approximately square building; to the east of the Oikos
of Andros and the Hieropoion.
Date: ca. 350 B.C.
Period: Late Classical
Plan:
Cella and pronaos.
History:
Alternative reconstructions include 12 prostyle Ionic columns and interior
colonnades, not shown in this drawing. Identified as the Keraton, a building that
housed an altar of the horns. Erected by the Athenians during the Second League.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Complex of courts and rooms; west and slightly north of
the Sacred Lake.
Date: ca. 125 B.C. - 100 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
A door on the southern side let into a short hall leading to a court with
a colonnade on its western side, opening into 4 chapels. West of the entry were
small rectangular rooms. East of the 1st court was a rectangular peristyle court
with a Doric colonnade and a cistern. On the northwest corner of the structure
and entered from the peristyle court was another court with a mosaic pavement,
probably a meeting or reunion hall. In the southeast corner were reception halls
with halls and shops below in a basement.
History:
Mixed Greek and Syrian design. Built by Syrian merchants and ship owners
from Beirut during the time when Delos was briefly the commercial center of Greece,
and used as a guild hall or club house. Baal, whom they principally worshipped,
was identified with Poseidon, hence the name, Poseidoniasts.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: L-shaped stoa; bounded the Sanctuary of Artemis (Artemision)
on the eastern side of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 110 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
One-aisled, L-shaped with Ionic colonnade opening west and south. At the southern
end of the eastern wing the wall returns to create a small room.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: Stoa creating north and east sides of a court; south of
the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 187 B.C. - 173 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Two-storied, L-shaped stoa opening south and west, with rooms behind the two-aisled
colonnades. Pilasters on 2nd story instead of columns.
History:
Also referred to as the Rectangular Agora. The L- Shaped Stoa, the Oblique
Stoa and the South Stoa created the sides of a court known as the Agora of the
Delians.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Small hall; east and slightly north of the Theater, directly
in front of the Samothrakeion.
Date: ca. 100 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Rectangular hall with 2 Ionic columns in antis at the entrance which opened
to the south.
History:
A monument of Mithradates Eupater, king of Pontus, this structure had a statue
of the king and medallion portraits of his generals on the walls.
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Site: Delos
Type: Shipshed
Summary: Oblong hall; located on the eastern side of the Sanctuary
of Apollo.
Date: ca. 300 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Eight column hexastyle prostyle pronaos led into a long narrow cella with
a pitched ceiling and floor depressed about 0.5 meters forming a basin and creating
benches on each side. Cella had a room at the north end containing a large triangular
base. Between the main room of the cella and the small inner room were Doric half
columns engaged to each wall and 2 piers which were Doric half columns on one
side and Bull capital pilasters on the other.
History:
Probably designed to hold a trireme dedicated after a naval victory, this
building is built in the form of a shipshed. Previously called the Monument of
the Bulls because of bulls head capitals on the interior pilasters. Dinsmoor refers
to this as the Pythium (Pythion) because the small room to the north of the cella
was dedicated to the Pythian Apollo.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: Stoa; south of the Sanctuary of Apollo, south of the L-shaped
Stoa of the Agora of the Delians.
Date: ca. 250 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
One-aisled stoa opening north with Doric colonnade.
History:
The Oblique Stoa, the L- Shaped Stoa of the Agora of the Delians and the South
Stoa created the sides of a court known as the Agora of the Delians.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Rectangular building; in the Sanctuary of Apollo at the
west end of the Stoa of Antigonos.
Date: ca. 402 B.C. - 394 B.C.
Period: Late Classical
Plan:
Rectangular room opening south onto a prostyle colonnade of 8 Doric columns.
History:
Referred to in inscriptions as the Oikos or Graphe, this may have been an administrative
building. The colonnade is a later addition.
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Site: Delos
Summary: Rectangular building; on the western side of the Sanctuary
of Apollo, at the north end of the Stoa of the Naxians.
Date: ca. 520 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Simple rectangular room with entrance on the east. Southern wall was shared
with the Stoa of the Naxians, northern wall shared with the Hieropoion.
History:
Previously known in conjunction with the Hieropoion as the Monument of the
Hexagons, from the marble decoration of the walls.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Rectangular hall with porches; on the southern side of
the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 575 B.C. - 560 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Two-aisled hall with central colonnade of 8 columns, opening onto a porch
distyle in antis at the west end and onto a porch of 4 prostyle Ionic columns
at the east end.
History:
Used as a club house or guildhall. Dedicated by the Naxians to Apollo. This
building replaced an earlier three-aisled hall of the 7th century B.C, which had
an entrance on the north. Coulton and Dinsmoor claim an Ionic inner colonnade,
Zaphiropoulou believes it was Doric. The prostyle porch on the east was a later
addition.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Temple; northernmost of the 3 temples to Apollo in the
central part of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 550 B.C. - 525 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Ionic temple with cella opening west onto a distyle in antis pronaos.
History:
This temple is also reconstructed as having 2 columns or piers dividing the entry
into 3 parts and having a hexastyle prostyle Ionic porch. Erected by the Athenians,
this temple may have replaced an earlier one built by the Naxians on the same
location. Money of the Delian League was originally deposited and held in this
building.
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Site: Delos
Type: Gate
Summary: Gate-building; on southern side of the Sanctuary of Apollo,
between the Oikos of the Naxians on the east and the Stoa of the Naxians on the
west.
Date: ca. 150 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Prostyle, 4 Doric columns on the south. Four interior columns dividing opening
into 3 aisles. Three stepped platform.
History:
Built by the Athenians to replaced an earlier gateway.
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Site: Delos
Type: Prytaneion
Summary: Nearly rectangular building with internal divisions; toward
the south side of the Sanctuary of Apollo, south of the Bouleuterion, west of
the Neorium.
Date: ca. 500 B.C. - 350 B.C.
Period: Classical
Plan:
On the south a prodomos with 4 Doric columns and marble benches lining the
walls, led into a marble-paved court. North of this court were 2 large rooms,
each with a prodomos. West of the entrance of the northern room, were two smaller
rooms.
History:
The large northeastern room may have been a rest house. By 166 B.C. the 2
small center rooms were dedicated to the cult of the Demos of Athens and Rome.
The Prytaneis probably met in the northwesterly chamber where there are remains
of an altar of Hestia. Small niches in the north wall may have held archives.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Small temple; located northeast, high on the slope east
of the Theater.
Date: ca. 400 B.C. - 300 B.C.
Period: Late Clas./Hell.
Plan:
A cella wider than long opened onto a pronaos with 4 Doric columns. Northeast
corner of porch blocked by the Monument of Mithradates. Southern end of porch
had 2 niches.
History:
Dedicated to the Kabeiroi, the Great Gods of Samothrace.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: Stoa; south of the Sanctuary of Apollo and west of the
Oblique Stoa and the L-shaped Stoa of the Agora of the Delians.
Date: ca. 270 B.C. - 230 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
One-aisled stoa with Doric colonnade opening west, with rooms behind. The center
room was open on both ends creating a passage to the Agora of the Delians.
History:
The South Stoa, the Oblique Stoa and L- Shaped Stoa of the Agora of the Delians
created the sides of a court known as the Agora of the Delians. Also referred
to as the Little Stoa.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: Two-aisled stoa; the north boundary of the Sanctuary of
Apollo.
Date: ca. 246 B.C. - 239 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Two-aisled stoa opening south with Doric outer and Ionic inner colonnades
and projecting wings at either end. Along the south side, 47 Doric columns, fluted
only on the upper portion. Ionic inner colonnade of 19 columns.
History:
Identified by inscription on the entablature as built by the Macedonian ruler
Antigonos Gonatas. The stoa probably was for votive, not commercial use, since
the area in front was lined with statues and other dedications.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: Two-part stoa; south of the Sanctuary of Apollo, between
the South Stoa and the harbor.
Date: ca. 216 B.C. - 200 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Two one-aisled stoas sharing a back wall, one simple stoa opening east, one
L- shaped stoa opening west. Eastern stoa, opening east, 16 Doric columns with
returning end walls that had 4 windows each. Western stoa, opening west, Doric
colonnade with Ionic double half columns dividing main stoa from northeast room.
History:
Eastern stoa, dated to 216-200 B.C. by dedication inscription of Philip V.
The western stoa was probably added shortly later, this dating based on inscriptions
on contemporary exedrae.
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Site: Delos
Type: Stoa
Summary: L-shaped stoa; forming the southwest corner of the Sanctuary
of Apollo.
Date: ca. 550 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
L- shaped, one-aisled stoa with Ionic colonnade, opening north and east. North
wall shared with Oikos of Andros.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Temple; toward the northwest corner of the Sanctuary of
Apollo, south of the L-Shaped Stoa.
Date: ca. 179 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
East opening cella wider than long. Six prostyle Ionic columns on the eastern
side in front of prolonged antae. The temple was set on a high base.
History:
This area of the Sanctuary of Apollo is dedicated to his sister Artemis. The
Hellenistic temple replaced and incorporated the remains of a 7th century B.C.
temple which had itself been built over the remains of a Mycenaean building.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Temple; east of the Theater, east of Serapeion C.
Date: ca. 500 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
A cella with a distyle in antis pronaos with slender Doric columns and benches
on pronaos walls. Marble altar just south of the temple, outside the peribolos
wall.
History:
Beneath the remains of this Archaic temple are those of an early 7th century
B.C. temple. The walls of the earlier temple were of mudbrick and outer columns
were of wood on marble footings.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Small temple; between the Sanctuary of Apollo and the Sacred
Lake, west of the Agora of the Italians.
Date: ca. 550 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Wide cella.
History:
Also called the Letoon, this temple has a more detailed reconstruction: 2 columns
in antis in a wide opening between pronaos and cella. The pronaos may have been
unroofed. A marble bench attached to the outside walls and on the inside walls
ran a low ledge for offerings.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Small prostyle temple; east of the Theater, in the middle
of the northern wall of Serapeion C.
Date: ca. 200 B.C. - 100 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Cella with extended antae and prostyle tetrastyle pronaos. Steps leading to the
pronaos on 3 sides.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Amphiprostyle temple; north of the Sanctuary of Apollo,
between the Agora of the Italians and the Hypostyle Hall.
Date: ca. 320 B.C. - 280 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Doric amphiprostyle temple. Cella with a hexastyle prostyle pronaos opening east,
and a hexastyle prostyle opisthodomos.
History:
Replaced an archaic building known as the Dodecatheon, a temple dedicated to the
12 gods.
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Site: Delos
Type: Temple
Summary: Small temple; east of the Theater, north of the Temple
of Isis on the eastern side of the northern end of the Serapeion C.
Date: ca. 166 B.C. - 88 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Cella with pronaos distyle in antis, opening west. A door on the north and on
the south communicating with the Temple of Isis.
History:
Dedicated to the Egyptian Gods, Anubis, Serapis and Isis, and contemporary with
the Temple of Isis to the south.
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Site: Delos
Type: Theater
Summary: Theater; south of the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 280 B.C.
Period: Hellenistic
Plan:
Stage building (skene) with colonnades on all sides, may have had 3 stories. Seats
divided horizontally by a diazomata. Lower section of seats had 26 rows, upper
section 17. Entered through paradoi, special entrances at diazomata, and another
entrance at the highest point of auditorium.
History:
Total capacity of 5500 people.
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Site: Delos
Type: Hall
Summary: Rectangular building; forming the northwest corner of the
Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 480 B.C.
Period: Classical --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan:
Divided into 3 parts. The center section with door on the west was an open court,
surrounded by a Doric peristyle, 4 columns to a side. There were 2 small cellas
off of the peristyle court, one on the north side and one on the south side. In
each cella were 4 interior Ionic columns, arranged in a square.
History:
Hall used as a temple. Also known as the Sanctuary to Demeter and Persephone (Kore).
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Site: Delos
Type: Treasury
Summary: Small temple-like building; easternmost of the 5 treasuries
which form an arc northeast of the 3 Temples of Apollo in the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 500 B.C. - 450 B.C.
Period: Archaic/Classical
Plan:
Cella opening south with pronaos and opisthodomos both distyle in antis.
History:
This building is also reconstructed without the opisthodomos.
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Site: Delos
Type: Treasury
Summary: Small temple-like building; 2nd from east of the 5 treasuries
which form an arc northeast of the 3 Temples of Apollo in the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 500 B.C. - 450 B.C.
Period: Archaic/Classical
Plan:
Cella opening southwest onto a pronaos distyle in antis.
History:
Identified as probably the Hestiatorion of the Keians.
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Site: Delos
Type: Treasury Summary: Small temple-like building; the central
of the 5 treasuries which form an arc northeast of the 3 Temples of Apollo in
the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 500 B.C. - 450 B.C.
Period: Archaic/Classical
Plan:
Cella opening south onto a pronaos distyle in antis.
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Site: Delos
Type: Treasury
Summary: Small temple-like building; the 2nd from west and largest
of the 5 treasuries which form an arc northeast of the 3 Temples of Apollo in
the Sanctuary of Apollo.
Date: ca. 500 B.C. - 450 B.C.
Period: Archaic/Classical
Plan:
Cella with 3 supports running the length of the cella dividing it into 2 aisles.
Cella opening south onto a pronaos tetrastyle in antis.
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Site: Delos
Type: Treasury
Summary: Small temple-like building; the most westerly of the 5
treasuries which form an arc northeast of the 3 Temples of Apollo in the Sanctuary
of Apollo.
Date: ca. 600 B.C. - 500 B.C.
Period: Archaic
Plan:
Four columns dividing cella into 2 aisles. Cella opening south onto a pronaos
with 4 Doric columns in antis.
History:
This treasury is also reconstructed as having up to 6 columns in the cella and
up to 6 columns, prostyle, on the pronaos. The treasury was probably built by
the Karystians.
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Site: Delos
Type: Workshop
Summary: Rectangular building; on the southern flank of the Sanctuary
of Apollo, south of the Oikos of the Naxians.
Date: Unknown
Plan:
Divided into 3 sections. In each section a main room and a smaller room. Easternmost
and central sections with small rooms to the north. Westernmost section divided
into 2 almost equal sized rooms.
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ΑΚΡΩΤΗΡΙ (Χωριό) ΣΑΝΤΟΡΙΝΗ
Region: Cyclades
Periods: Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age
Type: Settlement
Summary: Cycladic Bronze Age settlement destroyed by volcanic eruption.
Physical Description:
The site of Akrotiri is located in the SW of the island of Thera,
above a sheltered S facing bay and with a view to Crete, ca. 110 km to the S.
The Bronze Age settlement (over 10,000 sq m) was at the zenith of its development
when it was completely buried by ash and pumice following a volcanic eruption
(dated at ca. 1500 B.C.) that has been estimated as 4 times as powerful as the
Krakatoa eruption of 1883 A.D. The extensive architectural remains and well preserved
wall paintings have led to a comparison with Roman Pompeii. The destruction may
have given rise to the Atlantis myth.
Description:
The earliest evidence for settlement at Akrotiri dates to the Early
Bronze Age II and III periods. The pottery and artifacts of this phase show connections
to the N Aegean islands.
In the Middle Bronze Age the size of the settlement expands and artifacts
now show closer connections with Mainland Greece. The 1st Minoan influence is
also seen at the site in this period. The transition from Middle Bronze Age to
Late Bronze Age passes with no cultural break, but was marred by an earthquake
(at ca. 1550 B.C.) which caused great damage to the settlement. The inhabitants
apparently rebuilt their city immediately and in an even more luxurious and larger
scale.
The size of the Late Bronze Age I settlement is estimated to have
been several thousand inhabitants. The wealth and size of the city, with paved
streets, city sewer system, and 2 and 3 story private houses with magnificent
wall paintings, indoor toilets and rich furnishings certainly equalled or surpassed
the level of culture and wealth on Minoan Crete. The settlement at Akrotiri probably
gained this high degree of wealth and culture through its foreign contacts and
its position in the center of the Aegean trade networks.
At ca. 1500 B.C. earthquake tremors again caused damage to the city.
There is evidence that immediately afterwards the inhabitants began again to clean
up debris and repair the damage. Before the repairs were completed, however, the
inhabitants were forewarned (possibly from gas or smoke from the volcano) of the
coming eruption (no human remains or valuables have been found during the excavations).
The eruption buried Akrotiri under 5 m of ash and pumice. At least 200 years passed
before the island of Thera was again inhabited, and there is no evidence for a
settlement on the island again until the Archaic period.
Exploration:
Exploration began in 1845 and systematic excavations were carried
out 1895-1903, then resumed after WWII under S. Marinatos and up to present under
C. Doumas.
Donald R. Keller, ed.
This text is cited Feb 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains 27 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΔΗΛΟΣ (Νησί) ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ
Region: Cyclades
Periods: Dark Age, Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman
Type: Sanctuary, Settlement
Summary: Panhellenic Sanctuary of Apollo and Artemis.
Physical Description:
The sanctuary occupies a small (1.3 x 5 km) island at the center
(between Rheneia and Mykonos) of the Cycladic group and was the political and
religious center of the Aegean. It was said to be the birthplace of Apollo and
Artemis. Its oracle was second only to that of Delphi. Delian Festival and Games
held every 4 years. In addition to the Hieron of Apollo adjacent to the Sacred
Lake, the temples and monuments to other divinities and the sanctuary of foreign
gods, there was also a thriving residential district and maritime quarter to the
south.
Description:
Evidence for settlement on Delos goes back the Early Bronze
Age. In the later prehistoric period it was, according to legend, a stronghold
of Carian pirates until they were driven off by King Minos of Crete. The cult
of Apollo appeared on the island in the Dark Ages and by the Archaic period (when
the island was apparently under the control of Naxos), Delos served as the headquarters
and religious center of an Ionian League. A religious festival (the Delia) was
held (originally every year) to celebrate the birth of Apollo. Athens, a member
of the Ionian League, gained control over the sanctuary and under Peisistratos
(ca. 543 B.C.) instigated the first purification of the island (the removal of
all tombs in view of the temple). In 490 B.C. the Delians fled to Tenos, but the
Persians did not violate the sanctuary. Delos was made the center of the Athenian
controlled Delian League (the alliance of Greek states against future Persian
threat) and from 478-454 maintained the treasury of the league (until it was transferred
to Athens and partially misappropriated for the rebuilding of the Acropolis).
In 426 Athens reorganized the site and festival on an even larger scale and ordered
the second purification of the island (the dead were exhumed and removed and a
decree passed against birth, death, and pain on the island). In 422 Athens banished
the remaining Delians from the island (on the intervention of the Delphic oracle
they were allowed to return). Every year Athens sent a sacred embassy by trireme
to the Delia festival. At the end of the Peloponnesian War Sparta restored independence
to the Delians, but at the time of the 2nd Athenian League (378-314 B.C.) Athens
again controlled the sanctuary and island. Delos is again independent from ca.
314 until 166 B.C. It becomes the center of an island confederacy and enters the
most prosperous period of its history. The Hellenistic kings provided many new
buildings and offerings for the sanctuary, which was now under the control of
4 Hieropes (priest-administrators) elected annually by the Delians. The financial
and trading activities of the island grew while foreign merchants and bankers,
especially Roman, settled and installed sanctuaries to foreign deities on the
island. In 166 B.C. the Delians were expelled and Rome allowed Athenians to occupy
the island. Delos was made a free port (to undermine the commercial position of
Rhodes) and in 146 B.C. the destruction of Corinth and the immigration of Corinthian
merchants to Delos added to the island's growth. The religious aspects of the
island gave way to commercial interests and the Apollo festival became essentially
an international trade fair, with as many as 10,000 slaves changing hands in a
single day. In 88 B.C. Menophanes, a general of Mithradates attacked the island,
killed or enslaved the population, looted the sanctuary and destroyed the city.
In 87 B.C. Sulla retook the island, returned it to Athenian control and aided
in its rebuilding. In 69 B.C. Delos was sacked by pirates, and in 66 B.C. the
Romans built a fortification wall around the city. The sanctuary and the commercial
center, however, continued to decline (in part because of changes in Roman trade
routes) and suffer pirate attacks, and by the 2nd century A.D. it was all but
abandoned. In the 3rd century A.D. Athens offered the island for sale, but found
no buyers.
Exploration:
Excavations: 1873 - present, French School of Archaeology.
Donald R. Keller, ed.
This text is cited Oct 2002 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains 131 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΚΑΜΕΙΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΡΟΔΟΣ
Region: Dodecanese
Periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic
Type: Unfortified city
Summary: One of the three Dorian cities founded on the island of
Rhodes.
Physical Description:
Kameiros is an unfortified city with well planned streets,
civic buildings and public water supply dating to the Hellenistic period. Few
of the remains of the earlier Archaic city have been uncovered. The city sits
on theater-like slopes facing the sea on the NW coast of Rhodes. In the lower
town an agora is partially surrounded by colonnades. From the agora the main street
of the city runs uphill and S, through insula of private houses, to the ridge
top which serves as the acropolis. Along the ridge top a long stoa faces the sea
and behind this is the temple of Athena, originally Archaic, but rebuilt in the
Hellenistic period.
Description:
Kameiros (together with Lindos and Ialysos) was one of
the 3 city-states founded on Rhodes by Dorian Greeks, possibly as early as the
Mycenaean period. In ca. 407 B.C. the 3 cities, while maintaining local autonomy,
joined in the foundation of Rhodes City as the new capital of the island and sent
citizens to populate it.
Exploration:
In 1858-1865 A. Salzmann and A. Biliotti excavated at the acropolis
and the cemeteries and Biliotti continued in 1880. During 1912-1913 and 1928-1930
the Italians excavated at the site.
Donald R. Keller, ed.
This text is cited Feb 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains 1 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΡΟΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
Region: Dodecanese
Periods: Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Modern
Type: Fortified City
Summary: Capital city of the island, established ca. 407 B.C. by
the cities of Kameiros, Lindos, and Ialysos.
Physical Description:
In 407 B.C. the Rhodian union established the new capital
city in a triangular area at the N tip of the island. The city was built on the
Hippodamian grid system with streets and underground drains oriented N-S and E-W.
The new city walls followed the coasts on the E and W sides of the triangle and
became well respected for their strength. At the S base of the triangle, on the
landward side of the city, the walls followed the land contours best suited for
defense. Two natural harbors, enhanced by the construction of moles, were located
on the E side of the city. The main harbor may have been the location for the
Colossus of Rhodes which had been erected in 290 B.C. and was destroyed by earthquake
in 225 B.C. North of the central port was a smaller harbor An unsheltered landing
S of the port also served the busy maritime activities of the city. On the less
sheltered W coast of the city a smaller harbor could be used in good weather.
The terrain of Rhodes rises slightly to a low ridge in the W where the unfortified
acropolis is located. The temple of Zeus and Athena and the sanctuary of Pythian
Apollo occupy the acropolis and a stadium, gymnasium and small theater are located
just below and E of the summit. The main theater of the city is located near the
S city wall. Beyond the S wall are the extensive necropoloi of the city.
Description:
At the time of Homer, Rhodes was under the control of the
three independent Dorian cities of Lindos, Ialysos, and Kameiros. The early history
of the island is not well known, but its location at the S edge of the Greek world
insured a rich commerce with Egypt and the East. The three cities of Rhodes, together
with the island of Kos and the Anatolian cities of Knidos and Halikarnassos made
up the confederation of the Doric Hexapolis. In 490 B.C. Rhodes came under the
control of the Persians. With the defeat of the Persians in Greece, Rhodes was
compelled to join the Delian League in 478 B.C., but it resigned from the League
in 411 B.C. The three main cities of Rhodes formed a union in 408 B.C. and established
the new federal capital at the N end of the island, which they populated with
their own citizens. The new city of Rhodes became immediately prosperous as the
three older cities declined in size. In the 4th century B.C. Rhodes submitted
first to Sparta, then to Athens, and in 357 B.C. became an ally of Persia. During
the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. Rhodes was one of the greatest commercial and cultural
centers of the ancient world. When an earthquake devestated the city in 222 B.C.
its reputation as a center of arts and literature drew international aid for its
rebuilding. In the 2nd century B.C. Rome greatly weakened the economic position
of Rhodes when it established Delos as a preeminent maritime center and free port.
Rhodes continued, however, to remain a center of culture and a major commercial
port throughout the ancient and Medieval periods.
Exploration:
The Italians began excavations on the acropolis in 1916 under
Maiuri and continued in 1917-1929 under Jacopi and Laurenzi. In 1922-1925 Italian
excavations were carried out in the Old City. Since 1951 the Greek Archaeological
Service, represented by Kondis have worked in the Old City.
Donald R. Keller, ed.
This text is cited Feb 2003 from The Perseus Project URL below, which contains 16 image(s), bibliography & interesting hyperlinks.
ΑΓΙΑ ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗ (Παραλία) ΜΗΛΟΣ
The Melos, Aghia Kyriaki Project is a joint project: of Scottish Analytical Services for Art and Archaeology; the Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow and Glasgow University Archaeology Research Division.
Η Δήλος ήταν η γενέθλια γη του θεού Απόλλωνα και της θεάς Αρτέμιδος,
που ήταν παιδιά του Δία και της Λητούς. Σύμφωνα με τη μυθολογία η Λητώ αναζητά
σε όλη την Ελλάδα κάποιο μέρος, για να μπορέσει να γεννήσει τον θεό Απόλλωνα,
καθώς η Ήρα είχε απειλήσει τον τόπο, που θα τη δεχόταν με αυστηρές τιμωρίες. Η
Λητώ τελικά έφτασε στο μικρό και άγονο νησί της Δήλου (Ορτυγία). Η θεά υπόσχεται
στο νησί δόξα και πλούτη, τα οποία θα έφερναν στο νησί οι πιστοί του Απόλλωνα.
Το νησί από την πλευρά του απαντά θετικά με την προϋπόθεση όμως ότι η Λητώ θα
έδινε όρκο ότι θα έκτιζε στη Δήλο τον πρώτο της ναό. Έτσι στο νησί της Δήλου οικοδομήθηκε
το εξαίσιο ιερό του Απόλλωνα και της Αρτέμιδος. Αποτέλεσε ένα από τα σημαντικότερα
ιερά της αρχαιότητος, το οποίο μάλιστα ήταν κέντρο λατρείας από την Μυκηναϊκή
περίοδο, προτού ακόμη καθιερωθεί επίσημα η λατρεία του Απόλλωνα και της Αρτέμιδος.
Οι πρώτες ανασκαφές στη Δήλο άρχισαν το 1872 με τον εκχωματισμό του Σπηλαίου του
Κύνθου. Συστηματικές ανασκαφές στον χώρο άρχισε η Γαλλική Αρχαιολογική Σχολή,
τις οποίες και συνεχίζει μέχρι σήμερα.
Ο επισκέπτης που προσέρχεται στον αρχαιολογικό χώρο της Δήλου αντικρίζει
σχεδόν ολόκληρη την αρχαία πόλη της, η οποία εξακολουθεί να είναι υποβλητική.
Μέσα από την χωροταξική διαρρύθμιση των κτηρίων της αναβιώνει στη σκέψη του η
ροή και ο ρυθμός της ζωής που κάποτε υπήρξε ζωηρή και έντονη. Σημαντικά κτήρια
περιστοιχίζουν το ιερό του Απόλλωνος, ενώ πλήθος άλλων διαμοιράζονται την περιοχή
γύρω από την Ιερή Λίμνη, το όρος Κύνθος και τη συνοικία του Θεάτρου. Γύρω από
τον ναό του Απόλλωνα ή προς αυτόν βρίσκονται τα εξής κτήρια: ο Οίκος και η Στοά
των Ναξίων, η Αγορά των Κομπεταλιαστών και των Δηλίων, η Στοά του Αντιγόνου και
του Φιλίππου, η Πομπική Οδός, το Ιερό του Διονύσου, ο Κεράτινος βωμός, ο α' και
ο β' τάφος των Υπερβορείων Παρθένων, το Μνημείο των Ταύρων. Γύρω από την περιοχή
της Ιερής Λίμνης βρίσκονται: οι ελληνιστικές Οικίες του Διαδούμενου, των Ηθοποιών,
των Τριτώνων, του Λόφου, της λίμνης, η Αγορά του Θεόφραστου και των Ιταλών, η
Υπόστυλη αίθουσα, η Παλαίστρα, το Ανδηρο των Λεόντων, το Ίδρυμα των Ποσειδωνιαστών.
Ανάμεσα στην περιοχή του όρος Κύνθος και της συνοικίας του Θεάτρου βρίσκονται:
το Θέατρο, το Σεράπειον, το ιερό της Αφροδίτης, το ιερό των Καβείρων, οι Οικίες
των Δελφινιών, των Προσώπων, της Τρίαινας, της Κλεοπάτρας, του Διονύσου, του Ερμού,
το Ανδηρο των ξένων θεοτήτων, το Ηραίον.
Ο ναός του Απόλλωνος είναι ο τελευταίος και μεγαλύτερος ναός από τους
τρεις προγενέστερους. Αρχισε να κατασκευάζεται από τους Δήλιους το 477 π.Χ., την
ίδια περίπου εποχή, κατά την οποία συστάθηκε η Συμμαχία της Αθήνας
με τη Δήλο. Η κατασκευή του σταμάτησε, όταν μεταφέρθηκε το ταμείο της Συμμαχίας
στην Αθήνα. Τα ερείπια των τριών ναών, οι οποίοι είχαν δυτικό προσανατολισμό προς
τη Δύση, σώζονται μέχρι και σήμερα. Ο παλαιότερος εξ αυτών (6ος αιώνας π.Χ.) ήταν
κτισμένος με πωρόλιθο και διέθετε πρόναο και σηκό. Σε αυτόν στεγαζόταν ένα αρχαϊκό
άγαλμα του Απόλλωνος, έργο των Τευκταίου και Αγγελίονα. Ο ναός που βρίσκεται στο
κέντρο ανεγέρθηκε από του Αθηναίους το 425 - 417 π.Χ. Πίσω από τους τρεις ναούς
υπάρχει μια σειρά από πέντε κτήρια (Θησαυροί), τα οποία μάλλον πρέπει να ήταν
Οίκοι. Κοντά στον ναό του Απόλλωνα βρίσκεται ο ναός της Αρτέμιδος. Κτίστηκε το
179 π.Χ. στη θέση ενός παλαιότερου, ο οποίος είχε οικοδομηθεί τον 7ο αιώνα π.Χ.,
πράγμα το οποίο πιστοποιεί και μια συλλογή αντικειμένων που βρέθηκαν στη βορειοανατολική
πλευρά του. Ο ναός οριοθετείται από έναν υποθετικό περίβολο, ενώ στη βόρεια και
ανατολική του πλευρά κλείνει με μια ιωνική στοά.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Μάιο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών
ΠΑΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ
Βόρεια του κόλπου της Παροικιάς, στην Κορυφή της Βίγλας ο Otto Rubenshon αποκάλυψε το 1899 το Ιερό της Λατρείας του Απόλλωνα του ΔΗΛΙΟΥ, το ΔΗΛΙΟ που επικοινωνούσε με Δήλο και Νάξο. Στο ΔΗΛΙΟ λατρευόταν, εκτός από τον Απόλλωνα και η Άρτεμις, αλλά και η Μητέρα τους Λητώ.
Σύγχρονοι αρχαιολόγοι (κ. Ζαφειρόπουλος) διαμορφώνοντας τον χώρο γύρω από το Ιερό και κατεδαφίζοντας τις ξερολιθιές βρήκαν μετέφεραν στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Πάρου 41 κομμάτια, από τα οποία συγκρότησαν το άγαλμα της Δήλιας Αρτέμιδος.
Στην περιοχή του Δηλίου βρέθηκε Κυκλάδικό Νεκροταφείο με σημαντικά ευρήματα (Κυκλαδικά ειδώλια κ.λ.π.).
Βόρεια του κόλπου της Παροικιάς, σε ψηλό λόφο απέναντι από την Δήλο, ιδρύεται στις αρχές του 5ου π.Χ. αιώνα ένα ιερό λατρείας του Απόλλωνα του Δήλιου. Αποτελείται από ένα περίβολο με βωμό, ένα ναό της Αρτέμιδος, αδελφής του Απόλλωνα και ένα μικρό χώρο για συμπόσια. Στην περιοχή του Δηλίου βρέθηκε κυκλαδικό νεκροταφείο (3η χιλιετία π.Χ.).
ΧΩΡΑ ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΥ (Κωμόπολη) ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ
Ανάμεσα στις περιοχές Λιμνιώτισσα και Πηγάδια, που βρίσκονται στα
ΝΑ του Δάμου, σε απόσταση 400 περίπου μέτρων από τη Χώρα, υψωνόταν κατά την αρχαιότητα
το Ιερό του Απόλλωνος Δαλίου (Δηλίου). Οι ανασκαφές, που έγιναν από τον Αγγλο
Ch. Newton στα 1854 - 1855 και τον Ιταλό M. Segre το 1937, έφεραν στο φως πλούσια
ευρήματα, όπως επιγραφές, βάσεις αγαλμάτων, ειδώλια, σπασμένα πήλινα αγγεία κ.ά.
Ο χώρος του αρχαίου Ιερού, σύμφωνα με τις επιγραφές ήταν φραγμένος
με περίβολο και περιελάμβανε ιερό άλσος με δάφνες, διάφορα οικοδομήματα, βωμούς,
αγάλματα, επιγραφές χαραγμένες σε λίθους και αποτελούσε τον επισημότερο και σπουδαιότερο
τόπο της αρχαίας Καλύμνου. Εδώ βρισκόταν το πολιτικό και θρησκευτικό κέντρο των
Καλυμνιακών δήμων και φυλών.
Η λατρευτική χρήση του χώρου, σύμφωνα με τα αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα,
αρχίζει τουλάχιστον από τις αρχές της 1ης π.Χ. χιλιετίας (Γεωμετρική Περίοδος)
και συνεχίζεται αδιάκοπα έως την Παλαιοχριστιανική Εποχή. Από τα ευρήματα ξεχωρίζουν
τα πολυάριθμα πήλινα ειδώλια ταύρων της Γεωμετρικής Περιόδου, τα οποία ήταν αφιερώματα
στην εκεί λατρευόμενη θεότητα, όστρακα της ίδιας εποχής με γραπτές και μεταγενέστερες
χαρακτές επιγραφές (καρικές), ανθρωπόμορφα και ζωόμορφα ειδώλια αρχαϊκών χρόνων
και διάφορα όστρακα Κλασικής, Ελληνιστικής, Ρωμαϊκής και Παλαιοχριστιανικής Εποχής.
Κατά τον 4ο και 3ο π.Χ. αιώνα το Ιερό απόκτά μνημειακά οικοδομήματα, αφιερωμένα
τόσο στη λατρεία, όσο και σε πολιτικές και θρησκευτικές εκδηλώσεις.
Ο Απόλλωνας λατρευόταν στην Κάλυμνο με το επίθετο Δάλιος = Δήλιος,
σύμφωνα με επιγραφές του 3ου π.Χ. αιώνα που βρέθηκαν στο χώρο του Ιερού. Σε Καλυμνιακά
επίσης νομίσματα του 3ου π.Χ. αιώνα εικονίζεται στον οπισθότυπο κιθάρα, το σύμβολο
του θεού Απόλλωνα. Η λατρεία βέβαια του συγκεκριμένου θεού σίγουρα προϋπήρχε,
όπως φαίνεται από την απεικόνιση λύρας στα αρχαιότερα νομίσματα του νησιού, τα
οποία χρονολογούνται στο β΄ μισό του 6ου π.Χ. αιώνα.
Ο ναός του Δηλίου Απόλλωνα ήταν ολομάρμαρος και ανήκε στην κατηγορία
των ναών Ιωνικού ρυθμού, όπως συνάγεται από τους σωζόμενους κίονές του, ξαναχρησιμοποιημένους
στο ναό της Παναγίας Κεχαριτωμένης Χώρας, τις βάσεις τους και τα διάφορα άλλα
αρχιτεκτονικά του μέλη, τα οποία βρίσκονται κτισμένα σε δεύτερη χρήση στον ερειπωμένο
παλαιοχριστιανικό ναό του "Χριστού της Ιερουσαλήμ", στο χώρο του αρχαίου
Ιερού. Εξετάζοντας τα διάφορα σωζόμενα μέλη (κίονες, κιονόκρανα και βάσεις) βλέπουμε
ότι ίσως ο ναός του Απόλλωνα ανήκε στην κατηγορία του πρόστυλου τετράστυλου "εν
παραστάσει" ναού.
Πιθανότατα ο ναός κτίστηκε κατά τον 4ο π.Χ. αιώνα την εποχή της Β΄
Αθηναϊκής Συμμαχίας. Η ύπαρξη αφιερωματικής επιγραφής του 1ου π.Χ. αιώνα σ’ ένα
κομμάτι του μαρμάρινου τριζωνικού επιστυλίου του, προς τιμήν του Γάϊου Καίσαρα
Γερμανικού, του επωνομαζόμενου Καλιγούλα, πρέπει μάλλον να οφείλεται σε μεταγενέστερη
προσπάθεια εξευμενισμού του Ρωμαίου αυτοκράτορα κι όχι σε εκ νέου ανέγερση άλλου
ναού.
Η επικράτηση του Χριστιανισμού μετά τους μακρόχρονους διωγμούς επέφερε,
όπως ήταν φυσικό το κλείσιμο και την καταστροφή των ειδωλολατρικών Ιερών και ναών.
Τα μοιραία χτυπήματα κατά της Αρχαίας Λατρείας δίνονται με μια σειρά διαταγμάτων
των Βυζαντινών αυτοκρατόρων Θεοδοσίου του Α΄ (391 μ.Χ.), του γιου του Αρκαδίου
(399 μ.Χ.) και του Θεοδοσίου του Β΄ (435 μ.Χ.). Κάπου ανάμεσα σ’ αυτά τα χρόνια
συντελείται και η καταστροφή του Ιερού του Δηλίου Απόλλωνα. Στη θέση του και με
υλικό από τα οικοδομήματά του αναγείρονται πρώτα ο τρίκλιτος ναός "Χριστός
της Ιερουσαλήμ" και λίγο αργότερα ο τρίκογχος που είναι γνωστός ως Αγία Σοφία
ή Ευαγγελίστρια.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Μάρτιο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΠΑΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ
Σε απόσταση 300μ. από το εργαστήρι Κεραμεικής, αποκαλύφθηκε το 1990 ένα μεγάλο τμήμα του αρχαίου τείχους. Τμήματα του Ανατολικού τείχους και μια πύλη ήταν ήδη στο "Καστροβούνι" καθώς και στην θέση "2 πλάκες".
ΕΜΠΟΡΕΙΟΣ (Οικισμός) ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ
Στα ΒΑ του παραθαλάσσιου οικισμού του Εμπορειού και στους πρόποδες
της επιβλητικής βόρειας οροσειράς, στο σημείο όπου συγκλίνουν οι ορεινοί όγκοι,
βρίσκεται το Καστρί, ένα αρχαίο οχυρό. Αυτό καταλαμβάνει το χώρο ενός μικρού πλατώματος,
υπερυψωμένου από το έδαφος.
Το οχυρό προστατεύεται προς Νότον από ένα ισχυρό τείχος με δύο ορθογώνιους
πύργους (σώζεται σε καλή κατάσταση ο ένας), ενώ από τον Βορρά από πανύψηλους γκρεμούς.
Ένα στενό ανηφορικό μονοπάτι, παράλληλο με το τείχος, οδηγεί σε πύλη, που βρίσκεται
κάτω από το σωζόμενο πύργο και στη συνέχεια στο εσωτερικό του οχυρού.
Τα οικοδομήματα του εσωτερικού του Καστριού διατηρούνται σε κατάσταση
θεμελίων. Τα θεμέλιά τους είναι σε ορισμένα σημεία λαξευμένα στο φυσικό βράχο.
Οι τοιχοδομίες τους αποτελούνται από δουλεμένους ντόπιους λίθους, μικρότερους
απ' αυτούς των πύργων και του τείχους.
Στα ΒΑ του πρώτου πύργου υπάρχει ένα στενόμακρο οικοδόμημα, το οποίο,
όπως δείχνει η εντός του βρισκόμενη βάση ελαιοπιεστηρίου με δύο κυκλικά τύμπανα,
αποτελούσε ελαιοτριβείο. Η παρουσία της διπλής βάσης ελαιοπιεστηρίου αποτελεί
μοναδική περίπτωση για την Κάλυμνο, καθώς τα άλλα εντοπισμένα παραδείγματα του
νησιού φέρουν μόνο ένα κυκλικό τύμπανο.
Σε απόσταση λίγων μέτρων ΝΑ του ελαιοτριβείου υπάρχουν δύο ερειπωμένες
υδατοδεξαμενές, για την προμήθεια του απαραίτητου νερού στο οχυρό.
Από τα λίγα δείγματα επιφανειακής κεραμικής και από τη μελέτη της
τειχοδομίας του Καστριού, μπορούμε να το χρονολογήσουμε στα τέλη του 4ου - 3ου
π.Χ. αιώνα. Επίσης στην πλαγιά, νότια του οχυρού, έχει εντοπιστεί και κεραμική
του τέλους της Νεολιθικής Εποχής, που δείχνει τη διαχρονικότητα της ανθρώπινης
παρουσίας στην περιοχή.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Οκτώβριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΛΑΧΑΝΙΑ (Χωριό) ΝΟΤΙΑ ΡΟΔΟΣ
ΣΥΜΗ (Κωμόπολη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
The castle was built on a rocky ridge west to the village, during the byzantine period, over the ruins of the ancient citadel. It was reinforced during the frankish conquest.
On his exterior gate, to the east, on sees the blazon of the Grand Master d' Amboise with the date 1507.
This text is cited Mar 2003 from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture URL below.
ΑΙΓΙΑΛΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΜΟΡΓΟΣ
Opposite the village Tholaria., on Vigla hill ridge, overlooking the small bay of Mikri Glyfada., was the acropolis of ancient Aegialis.The biggest sculpture of the Cycladic Age was found at this area.
ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ (Πόλη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
Στη βραχώδη κορυφή που βρίσκεται στα βόρεια της Πόθιας, αμέσως πάνω από τη συνοικία του Αγίου Στεφάνου και σε κοντινή απόσταση από το εκεί εκκλησάκι της Αναστάσεως, διατηρούνται τα απομεινάρια ενός αρχαίου οχυρού. Από αυτό σώζονται μόνο τα θεμέλια του ανατολικού, του νότιου και του δυτικού του τοίχου, τα οποία συνθέτουν μία τραπεζιόσχημη κάτοψη. Το πάχος των τοίχων είναι 2,55 μ., ενώ το μήκος τους 31 του ανατολικού, 16 του νότιου και 11 του δυτικού. Δυστυχώς οι ορθογωνιασμένοι λίθοι του οχυρού χρησίμεψαν στο κτίσιμο νεότερων οικιών της πρωτεύουσας του νησιού, έτσι ώστε σήμερα να διακρίνονται μόνο τα θεμέλιά του. Σε απόσταση 20 μ. στα Ν.Δ. σώζονται τα απομεινάρια ορθογώνιας υδατοδεξαμενής, διαστάσεων 6x6, 50 μ., οι εσωτερικές επιφάνειες της οποίας ήταν καλυμμένες με κουρασάνι. Το οχυρό, με βάση την επιφανειακή κεραμική και τα ιστορικά και αρχαιολογικά στοιχεία για την ύπαρξη κι άλλων τέτοιων οχυρών στην Κάλυμνο, χρονολογείται στην Ελληνιστική Περίοδο.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Φεβρουάριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΚΑΡΠΑΘΟΣ (Κωμόπολη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
ΚΑΡΠΑΘΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
Κοράκι ονομάζεται ο λόφος στο χωριό, όπου βρίσκεται η ακρόπολη της αρχαίας Καρπάθου.
ΜΕΤΟΧΙ (Οικισμός) ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ
Στις νότιες παρυφές του Κάστελλα, ανατολικά της θέσης Μετόχι, βρίσκεται
η περιοχή του Έμπολα, η οποία υψώνεται κατά 4 –5 μ. πάνω από την κοιλάδα
του Βαθύ. Στο ΝΔ τμήμα του Έμπολα, στο εκεί πλάτωμα, διατηρείται περιμετρικά του
επιβλητικό τείχος, το οποίο αποτελείται από μεγάλου μεγέθους ορθογωνιασμένους
λίθους (μερικοί ξεπερνούν σε μήκος τα 2 μ.), κατά το ισοδομικό σύστημα. Δημιουργείται
έτσι ένας οχυρωμένος χώρος, διαστάσεων 75 x 42 μ. και συνολικής έκτασης τριών
περίπου στρεμμάτων. Το τείχος διατηρείται σήμερα μέχρι 2,55 μ. σε ύψος. Το πάχος
του φτάνει το 1,05 μ. Στην ανατολική πλευρά του οχυρού ανοίγεται μεγάλων διαστάσεων
πύλη, πλάτους 4,44 μ. Η μελέτη της τειχοδομίας και διαφόρων επιφανειακών ευρημάτων
του χώρου, δείχνει ότι το οχυρό οικοδομήθηκε μέσα στον 4ο π.Χ. αιώνα και ήταν
σε χρήση καθ' όλη την Ελληνιστική Περίοδο.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Φεβρουάριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΠΑΡΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΚΥΚΛΑΔΕΣ
Ο λόφος της Ακρόπολης όπου ήταν όλα τα οικοδομήματα και ιερά, υψώνεται 10 μ. πάνω από τη θάλασσα, πήρε την ονομασία "Κάστρο" από το οικοδόμημα του Δούκα της Νάξου. Ο Αρχαϊκός ναός της Αθηνάς, σώζονται επίσης ο σηκός και ο οπισθόδρομος. Η πρόσοψη του ναού έχει καταρρεύσει μαζί με τμήμα του λόφου του Κάστρου.
ΡΟΔΟΣ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
ΦΛΑΜΠΟΥΡΙΑ (Οικισμός) ΚΥΘΝΟΣ
ΑΚΡΩΤΗΡΙ (Χωριό) ΣΑΝΤΟΡΙΝΗ
Akrotiri's most significant contribution to our knowledge of the prehistoric
Aegean and Europe in general is its monumental graphic art. The wall-paintings
of Thera constitute the earliest examples of large-scale painting in Greece and
enrich inestimably the history of European art. Their technique is not that of
fresco, for which reason it is not correct to use this term. It seems that the
artist began painting when the plaster was still quite fresh on the walls. He
did not, however, take care to maintain this wet condition. So the wall gradually
dried and the painting was finally made on an entirely dry surface. This is why
the colour often flakes if the modern technician does not manage to fix it with
chemicals. Wherever the painting was made on a wet surface the colour has seeped
in and does not flake.
The plaster on the wall destined to be painted was rubbed whilst
still wet, so that its surface became smooth for the artist's paint brush. This
smoothing seems to have been effected using special sea pebbles. Hundreds of these
pebbles with one or two flat surfaces from the rubbing have been found amidst
the ruins of Akrotiri. The colours which the prehistoric Theran artists used were
red, black, yellow, blue and cream. The latter was usually used as a background.
With these colours the artist painted diverse surfaces both in shape and dimensions.
One of the principal characteristics of the art of Akrotiri is that
the artist had complete command of the space in which he moved unhesitatingly.
He infallibly selected a subject suitable for filling the surface offered by the
arrangement of the area. Door and window jambs, small surfaces of wall between
two such openings, zones which are of necessity created for the opening of cupboards
or windows and finally large expanses of wall, always bear the composition best
suited to their shape and size. A representation of a pithos plant pot with lily
adorned the jambs of the window in the West House. Again in the West House, a
door jamb was apparently decorated by the so-called "Young Priestess." The narrow
surface between the window and the NE corner of Room 5 in the same house was occupied
by the famous Fisherman while another similar painting was depicted in a corresponding
position diagonally opposite. Such a surface--between the two doors--was covered
by the wall-painting of the Boxing Children in the upper story of Room B1. In
Room 5 of the West House the narrow strip of wall under the windows was painted
as an imitation marble dado whilst the zone high above the windows was decorated
with the Frieze of Miniatures. The Frieze with the Monkeys from Xeste 3 must have
been a similar case. But the artists of Akrotiri were not afraid to paint whole
blank walls. The grand composition with the Monkeys was discovered in Room B6,
while three of the four walls of Room 2 were completely covered with the wall-painting
of the Lilies. From the homonymous house came the wall-paintings of the Ladies.
Finally, from Xeste 3 comes an enormous composition of Women Gathering Crocuses.
Even though the character of the wall-paintings from Thera is Minoan,
there is an apparent independence of the artist from the conventions of Cretan
art. Freedom in conception, freedom in design, freedom in composition, freedom
in movement are the characteristics of the Theran wall-paintings. Men, animals,
plants are rendered with such conviction that it borders on naturalism. Purely
decorative subjects rival the pictorial scenes in variety and perfection. These
too were employed to cover all kinds of surfaces. Rosettes, often combined with
rhomboid motifs were also painted on large surfaces, as is the case in Xeste 3.
The ivy branch is an ideal motif for framing the Antelopes from Room B1. The "starry
sky" harmoniously covers the ladies from the Room of the Ladies. In Room 5 of
the West House the "marble" dado underneath the windows is a well-chosen architectural
element. The pithoi plant pots on the jambs of the window and the "cabins" on
the walls of Room 4, again in the West House, are examples of the inventive imagination
of the artists.
Even greater and more impressive is the diversity exhibited by the
narrative scenes. Such is the artist's predilection for variety that he even makes
the landscape narrative through the insertion of some animals. The rocky terrain
with lilies is fixed in time by the presence of the swallows flirting and flying
in daring formations. There must have been some reason why the Monkeys in Room
B6 scrambled hastily upon the rocks. The Landscape with the River and Subtropical
Vegetation from Room 5 of the West House is further enlivened by the presence
of wild or mythical beasts. A wild duck flies to the left, while on the right
bank of the river, almost in flying gallop, a goat runs to the right. Both seem
to have rushed startled from a cluster of palm trees. From the other, the left
bank of the river, a griffin flies to the right in a flying gallop, while a wild
cat stalks the unsuspecting wild ducks sitting on the river's edge. All this movement,
all this activity indicates the artist's intention not merely to paint a landscape
but a wild landscape, far away, yet full of life. The same ruggedness of nature
is to be seen in the landscape above the left city in the Miniature of the Fleet.
In the wood three terrified deer flee the predatory claws of the lion which pursues
them.
In the narrow Frieze from Xeste 3 the narrative is even more vivid.
In a landscape, again rocky, full of crocuses, swallows fly to their nests bearing
food for their chicks who await with open beaks. Blue monkeys complete the scene.
These monkeys are not inert; one of them has drawn his sword and holds the scabbard
in his left hand. Another monkey clasps a harp and is perhaps the musician of
the company.
More narrative, of course, are the scenes in which humans participate.
The two Fishermen from the West House proudly display their catch, holding the
bunches of fish. The so-called Young Priestess from the same house wears a long,
heavy, perhaps woolen, chiton and holds a brazier with glowing charcoal while
sprinkling it, more than likely with incense. Perhaps she passed from room to
room censing it or perfuming the air of the house. This is why she is depicted
on a door jamb. [p. 35]
More animated is the movement displayed by the Boxing Children from
Room B1. Each wears a glove on the right hand and the children are portrayed in
a momentary phase of the game. One has already thrust his gloved hand in an attempt
to strike his opponent. He in turn avoids the blow by shielding with his bare
hand and prepares to strike his own blow with the other.
In the wall-painting of the Ladies the scene is not quite so clear
since many of the pieces are missing. Certain, however, is the movement of one
woman of a somewhat advanced age who stoops slightly to the right and offers both
her hands in an attitude which is not comprehensible. Another figure stood in
front of the bare-breasted one; unfortunately only a part of her skirt is preserved.
A third one, with her breasts covered, is illustrated in an opposite movement
towards the left. She also presents her hands but does not stoop like the first.
All these figures are drawn beneath an arch which delimits the upper surface of
the wall and is filled with stars.
The Miniatures from Room 5 of the West House are narrative too. Unfortunately
we have only fragments from the frieze of the north wall; and yet in these pieces
one can not only observe the technical dexterity of the artist but also his conception
of space and the third dimension. In one group of these pieces we have scenes
which are enacted at three different levels. On the first level, that nearest
the spectator, a rocky seashore is shown and in the sea are three naked men, apparently
drowned. At least so their unnatural attitude would suggest. Also in the water
are three rectangular shields, perhaps one from each drowned man. Only sections
of three ships are shown in the pieces which have survived: the stern of one and
the prow of the other two One prow, however, is in a strange position, reinforcing
the view that the whole scene illustrates a shipwreck, the victims of which were
the three drowned warriors. On the second plane of the painting there are warriors
who, clutching their oblong shields, long spears and wearing the characteristic
Mycenaean helmet of boar's tusks, march towards the right. The tasselled end of
their scabbard projects beyond the back of their shield. On the third plane, high
up, various scenes are taking place. Two shepherds are trying to gather their
different coloured sheep and goats into the pen which is depicted as an elliptical
fence. Two trees at the entrance to the fold ensured shade for the flock from
the summer heat whilst their trunks serve as sturdy gate-posts. Perhaps it is
midday and the shepherds are gathering the flocks into the pen to water them.
For, next to it, on the left of the entrance is a well whose presence is marked
by two upright water pitchers on top of its mouth. Some men are conversing in
front of the well while two women who have already filled their pitchers walk
away: one has balanced the jug on her head and treads lightly with arms outstretched
to keep her balance. The second, [p. 36] who comes from close by steadies the
pitcher with her hands while trying to set it on her head. The scene is not very
different from what happens today in many mountain villages where the well or
water tap is the common meeting place for the villagers. "When you go for water
my Malamo, I loiter at the tap . . ." says a folk song which aptly fits this scene
at Akrotiri.
The best preserved piece from the miniatures from the West House
is the Frieze with the Fleet. Large sailing boats are depicted sailing from one
harbour on the left to another one on the right. Much discussion has taken place
concerning this scene with opinions which differ considerably. Some maintain that
these two ports are in the Aegean where the fleet is traveling. For others, one
city is in the Aegean and the other is in Libya. Some, indeed, even identify specific
Minoan cities in this miniature painting. Regardless, however, of the opinions
of each scholar, there are certain elements which are difficult to refute. First
of all, the representation is narrative, irrespective of whether it portrays a
specific event or not. It states clearly that the ships depart from one city on
the left and arrive at the harbour of the other on the right. The architecture
in both towns resembles that we find in the excavation: multi-storeyed buildings
built of ashlar blocks and at different levels. The Minoan character of the town
on the right is further emphasized by the "horns of consecration" which crown
one of the buildings. These elements, however, are not sufficient to support the
view that specific towns are illustrated. For even if the artist wanted to draw
imaginary places he would incorporate elements with which he was familiar. The
scene, however, has a festive flavour. This is evidenced by the bunting on the
large boat, the "Admiral's" and confirmed by the numerous dolphins which frolic
along the route of the craft. The inhabitants of the left township bid farewell
to the fleet either from the roofs of their houses, or down at the shore, or escorting
it in their little boats. At the end of the voyage the population came out to
welcome the fleet. Here too there are people on the roofs, at the water's edge
and in boats which leave the harbour to meet the fleet.
Certain other elements indicate some uniformity among the sailing
ships of this wall-painting. Firstly it would appear that the passengers on board
are warriors. They have hung their helmets on the pronged pole intended to hold
the lowered mast and lateen yards of the sails. On these same prongs the warriors
have placed their spears too. The captain is also a warrior who sits in his cabin
astern. His helmet hangs high up while his spear projects a long way behind. With
the warriors on board the boats acquire a somewhat martial aspect. Perhaps the
wild beasts which are depicted, sometimes carved on the stern and sometimes painted
on the bows of the ships, are also aimed at expressing this character. The relatively
small sailing boat, the only one depicted with sails unfurled, has a swift-flying
bird painted on its sides. Did the artist perhaps wish to show through the bird
that the ship is a fast-sailing one? [the messenger boat of the fleet?] It is,
anyway, the only boat with two paddles at the stern end, essential for controlling
the movements of a fast boat. Each paddle is operated by a paddler.
All the above elements [the single direction of the fleet, the martial
[p. 38] character of the ships, the messenger vessel] bolster the opinion that
the boats comprise a specific unity, in which case the whole scene may perhaps
refer to a particular event. However, in addition to its narrative character this
wall-painting is also a rich source of unique information. For, apart from information
concerning the architecture, the fauna and flora and the people's apparel, we
have for the first time information concerning the art of ship-building in the
prehistoric Aegean, as well as the manner in which the various parts of the boat
operated [raised masts, sails, paddles, oars, cabins, etc.] Also we gain, indirectly,
an idea of the dimensions of the ship. This is the first time we have representations
of prehistoric ships in a scale which permits the rendering of such details. A
most significant piece of information of historical importance is the armoury
depicted on the boats. Not so much the shields and spears as the helmets, make
us wonder whether the warriors who were using them were not Mycenaeans. Boar's
tusk helmets are usually counted among the accessories of the Mycenaean armoury.
If, however, the warriors in the miniatures of Thera are Mycenaeans then certainly
many of our views on the prehistory of the Aegean around the middle of the 2nd
millennium B.C. will have to be revised. The fact that Mycenaean warriors could
come, even in paintings, so close to Crete means that even in the 16th century
B.C. Crete had begun to lose some of her power and sovereignty in the Eastern
Mediterranean.
The realism which characterizes the wall-paintings of Santorini,
in addition to the diverse information it provides, also verifies that the artists--for
many artists worked at Akrotiri--did not paint abstractly. They depicted specific
personal experiences. Perhaps they themselves had travelled to other lands. Thus
it was not difficult for them to paint convincingly not only the immediate environment
but also exotic animals such as the antelopes. monkeys, lions, wild cats, deer
etc. [p. 39]
External Relations
Even though we have no tangible indications of the external relations
of Akrotiri we are able to infer these. The prosperity which the ruins reveal,
the large luxurious buildings, could not be attributed to the sources of wealth
on the island. The wealth, therefore, must have been derived from elsewhere.
The first, nearest and most important place with which Akrotiri had
close connections was Crete. This is evidenced both by the imported Minoan products
[pottery, stone vessels etc.] and the Minoan character of the art. Perhaps a section
of the population, albeit small, which lived at Akrotiri was Cretan. There are
also indications [mainly through the pottery] of communications between Thera
and Mainland Greece.
Two rhytons of ostrich-egg shells and faience bear witness to relations
with Egypt, even if these were indirect. Further evidence of these contacts are
the wall-paintings showing monkeys. The species of monkey portrayed at Akrotiri,
Cercopithecus, is indigenous to Ethiopia and has diffused throughout the Mediterranean
via Egypt. The Syrian amphora, which was probably not brought empty, is further
evidence of relations with the Eastern Mediterranean.
Of course, we cannot as yet demonstrate that the Therans themselves
journeyed to these far-off lands. However, the miniature "fresco" of the fleet
obliges us not to dismiss this possibility. [p. 56]
The island of Santorini casts a magic spell on those who visit it
whatever their interests or preferences may be. The specialised geologist will
find in the walls of the caldera a unique stratigraphical museum of volcanic provenance.
The vulcanologist and the curious find interest in the dormant volcano. The archaeologist,
the archaeophile and art lovers in general cannot but admire the archaeological
wealth of the island which spans virtaully the entire cultural history of the
Aegean . . . .
Geography and Geology
Santorini is located in the southern part of the Aegan and is the
southernmost island of the Cyclades. Its surface area is 73 sq. km. and its population,
distributed among thirteen vilages, just exceeds six thousand souls. . . . [p.
9]
Historical Outline
Even though some scholars have considered certain sherds from vases
as being Neolithic, it remains a fact that not a single certain sign has been
observed so far which confirms human presence on the island prior to the Bronze
Age. The earliest pottery found in the deepest levels of the quarries does not
seem to be older than the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., that is belonging
to the second phase of the Early Cycladic civilization [c. 3200-2000 B.C.].
The Catastrophe and the Myth of Atlantis
This happy society of Akrotiri as we know it from its monuments had
an unhappy end. In about 1500 B.C. a terrific eruption of the volcano buried the
whole island beneath a very thick mantle of pumice and pozzuolana. The stratigraphical
observations made in the excavations give us the following picture concerning
the successive phases folloeed by the eruptive process.
Minor earth tremors first surprised the island and warned the residents
to abandon their homes. On leaving they took their valuable with them. This is
why neither victims nor precious possessions have been found in the ruins. More
serious earthquakes followed which caused considerable damage to many buildings.
Then ensued a fairly long period of quiescence during which the people plucked
up courage and returned to the settlement which, meanwhile, had suffered quite
considerable damage. Different teams set to work, some clearing away the ruins
from the streets, others demolishing shaky walls and others repairing and rebuilding
the town. It was during this phase of operations that the actual eruption commenced.
Again, however, the inhabitants had time to evacuate and were not interred within
their city. Fine pumice, about the size of rice grains, fell and created a thin
layer [2-3 cm.] over the entire island. Even though calm prevailed once again
for a considerable period, sufficient time for this layer of pumice to undergo
oxidation, the inhabitants did not return. Perhaps they had left their island
for good. A second paroxysm of the volcano brought forth more pumice, coarser
[4-5 cm. Diam.] which covered the city. This layer reaches a thickness of 50 cm.
in the area of the excavation. The next paroxysm produced a greater quantity of
pumice and of bigger size. The depth of this layer varies from 1-6 metres depending
on the distance from the volcanic crater which is estimated to have been about
10 km. north of Akrotiri. But it was the final paroxysm which was the most devastating.
The eruption was such that immense quantities of material exploded from the crater
of the volcano in the form of droplets. These solidified in the atmosphere and
fell like dust on the island creating a mantle which nowadays exceeds 30 metres
in thickness in places. Together with this dust, huge boulders of basalt were
hurled forth. Some of these boulder-bombs reached as far as Akrotiri and damaged
many houses. We find them today inside the ruins, witnesses of the destruction
they wrought. The enormous quantities of material vomited forth from the bowels
of the earth created a vast hollow. All that remained of the earth's crust collapsed
into this void forming a huge caldera whose extent exceeds 83 sq. km. Into this
void surged the sea transforming what was left of the island into islets, the
present-day Santorini, Therasia and Aspronisi. The consequences of the eruption
must have been terrific, not only for Thera but also for the whole of the Aegean
and for Crete. [p. 60] [
Doumas, Christos, Santorini, A Guide to the Island and its Archaeological
Treasures. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S.A. 1995. [Christos Doumas is Professor of
Archaeology at the University of Athens, Director of Excavations at Akrotiri.]
Αντικατάση στεγάστρου - συντήρηση, διαμόρφωση και ανάδειξη του αρχαιολογικού χώρου
Ακρωτηρίου Θήρας
Αρχαιολόγος Διευθυντής Ανασκαφής: Καθ. Χρ. Ντούμας Αρχιτέκτων: Ν. Φιντικάκης
Σελίδες του διαδικτύου του ξενοδοχείου Ηλιότοπος και της εταιρείας που ασχολείται
με τη διοργάνωση συνεδρίων και συναφών εκδηλώσεων.
ΘΗΡΑ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΘΗΡΑ
Μεγάλο αρχαιολογικό ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει η Αρχαία Θήρα, απ' όπου πέρασαν Φοίνικες, Δωριείς, Ρωμαίοι και Βυζαντινοί. Η πόλη χωρίζεται κατά μήκος από την ιερά οδό. Εκτός από τα οικοδομικά συγκροτήματα σπιτιών διαφόρων εποχών περιλαμβάνει αγορές, θέατρα, ιερά, την κατοικία του Πτολεμαίου του Ευεργέτου, τάφους αρχαϊκής και κλασικής εποχής, παλαιοχριστιανικά λείψανα κ.λ.π. Στους γύρω βράχους υπάρχουν σκαλισμένες σε αρχαίο Θηραϊκό αλφάβητο ονομασίες του Θεού Απόλλωνα και ονόματα ανδρικά και εφηβικά.
Το απόσπασμα παρατίθεται τον Φεβρουάριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα της Νομαρχίας Κυκλάδων
Ηταν το αρχαίο λιμάνι του νησιού, όπου βρέθηκαν πολλοί τάφοι.
ΕΜΠΟΡΕΙΟΣ (Οικισμός) ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ
Ο παραθαλάσσιος οικισμός του Εμπορειού αποτελεί τη βορειότερη κατοικημένη
περιοχή της Καλύμνου. Σε όλο το μήκος της παραλιακής ζώνης υπάρχουν αρχαιολογικές
ενδείξεις, που δείχνουν ότι κατά τους παλαιοχριστιανικούς χρόνους απλωνόταν εδώ
ένας ακμαίος οικισμός, ο οποίος συνεχιζόταν και κάτω από τη θάλασσα, όπου τμήματα
του καταβυθίστηκαν λόγω καθίζησης του εδάφους ή ανόδου της στάθμης της θάλασσας.
Δυστυχώς η ανεξέλεγκτη δόμηση των τελευταίων χρόνων έχει καταστρέψει
τα εναπομείναντα αρχιτεκτονικά κατάλοιπα του οικισμού. Έτσι σήμερα έχουν απομείνει
λίγα τμήματα ερειπωμένων οικιών και θολαριών. Στο ανατολικό μέρος της παραλίας
σώζονται τ' απομεινάρια ενός λουτρώνα (βλέπε παρακάτω), και η ΒΔ γωνία ενός μεγάλου
οικοδομήματος, ίσως ναού, που δυστυχώς επιχώθηκε πρόσφατα. Τα θεμέλια από έναν
άλλο παλαιοχριστιανικό ναό διακρίνονται κάτω από το νεότερο ναό του Αγίου Γεωργίου
στη δυτική μεριά της παραλίας.
Σε απόσταση τέλος 50 περίπου μέτρων βόρεια του λουτρώνα υπάρχει ένας
κωνικός κύλινδρος ελαιοτριβείου και κομμάτια από τη σπασμένη λίθινη κυκλική γούρνα
του.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Οκτώβριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΖΑΓΟΡΑ (Ακρωτήρι) ΑΝΔΡΟΣ
Στη χερσόνησο της Ζαγοράς φτάνετε μετά απο πεζοπορία περίπου 45 λεπτών, ακολουθώντας το μονοπάτι που αρχίζει από τη Σταυροπέδα. Υπάρχει σήμανση του μονοπατιού και η διαδρομή είναι πολύ ενδιαφέρουσα. Ο αρχαίος οικισμός της Ζαγοράς βρίσκεται στo απόκρημνο οροπέδιο (ύψους 160 μ.) της ομώνυμης χερσονήσου. Οι ανασκαφές που έγιναν απο το 1960 μέχρι το 1972 έφεραν στο φως μεγάλο τμήμα του. Η ζωή του οικισμού άρχισε το 10ο αιώνα π.Χ. και διήρκεσε μέχρι το τέλος του 8ου αιώνα π.Χ. Ο οικισμός προστατευόταν με ισχυρό τείχος μήκους 110 μ. και πάχους 2 έως 4.80 μ., ενώ το ύψος του έφτανε τα 3 μ. H είσοδος στον οικισμό γινόταν απο μια μεγάλη πύλη. Μέσα στον οικισμό υπάρχει ιερό, που πρωτοϊδρύθηκε τον 8ο π.Χ. αιώνα και συνέχισε να λειτουργεί μέχρι και τα κλασικά χρόνια, παρόλο που ο οικισμός είχε εγκαταλειφθεί τρεις αιώνες νωρίτερα. Τα σπίτια ήταν κατασκευασμένα με σχιστόλιθο και στεγασμένα με χωμάτινη στέγη (δώμα). Συνήθως αποτελούνται απο ένα μεγάλο ορθογώνιο χώρο με εστία στο κέντρο, ξεχωριστό χώρο αποθήκευσης με πέτρινα στηρίγματα για τη στήριξη των πήλινων πιθαριών και σταύλο με αυλή. Εντύπωση προκαλεί οτι η ίδια τεχνική συνέχισε να χρησιμοποιείται μέχρι τις αρχές του αιώνα μας στην κατασκευή των αγροτόσπιτων του νησιού. Στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο της Χώρας εκτίθενται τα ευρήματα της ανασκαφής καθώς και αναπαραστάσεις μιας οικίας και του ναού.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Φεβρουάριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα, με φωτογραφία, του Δήμου Κορθίου
ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ (Πόλη) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
Η περιοχή του Δάμου (Δάμος=Δήμος) βρίσκεται στα βόρεια του κεντρικού
δρόμου, που οδηγεί από τη Χώρα
στις Ελιές.
Στη σφηνοειδή έκταση ανάμεσα στις ρεματιές Δραπέτης (στα δυτικά) και
Συκομεριά (στ' ανατολικά) απλωνόταν αρχαίος οικισμός, ο οποίος άκμασε από τους
Πρώιμους Ελληνιστικούς έως και τους Υστερους Ρωμαϊκούς χρόνους, σύμφωνα με τις
ανασκαφικές ενδείξεις. Οι ανασκαφές των τελευταίων χρόνων έφεραν στο φως έναν
πλακόστρωτο κλιμακωτό δρόμο, εκατέρωθεν του οποίου βρέθηκαν οικίες, εργαστήρια,
λαξευτά πηγάδια, με πληθώρα ευρημάτων. Στα βόρεια του οικισμού είναι ορατό τμήμα
του ισοδομικού τείχους, που τον προστάτευε. Εξω από το τείχος (στα βόρεια) είναι
ορατοί διάφοροι αρχαίοι λαξευτοί τάφοι.
Στ' ανατολικά του οικισμού, σε κοντινή απόσταση, βρίσκεται ένας ορθογώνιος
λαξευτός μέσα στο βράχο θαλαμοειδής τάφος. Πλησίον του υπάρχει ένας διπλός και
διώροφος, μέσα στο έδαφος.
Τάφοι υπάρχουν και στις νότιες παρυφές του Δάμου, οι οποίοι χρονολογούνται
στα ελληνιστικά χρόνια.
Πλησίον του ναϋδρίου του Προφήτη Ηλία βρέθηκαν στα μέσα του περασμένου
αιώνα τάφοι με χρυσά κτερίσματα (οικόπεδο Σκόνη) και άλλοι με διάφορα πήλινα και
χάλκινα αντικείμενα, όπως μία λαβή χάλκινης υδρίας με την παράσταση της Ωρείθυιας
από τον Βορρέα.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Απρίλιο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΜΕΓΑΛΟ ΧΩΡΙΟ (Χωριό) ΣΕΡΙΦΟΣ
Το Μεγάλο χωριό είναι κτισμένο πάνω στα ερείπια της αρχαίας πόλης-πρωτεύουσας. Κοντά βρίσκονται και τα ερείπια του Λευκού Πύργου ή Λευκόπυργου, ελληνιστικής εποχής, στη δε θέση Κάστρο της Γριάς βρίσκονται ερείπια τείχους. Νοτιότερα, στη θέση Ψαθόπυργος βρίσκονται ερείπια ελληνιστικού πύργου.
ΜΕΤΟΧΙ (Οικισμός) ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ
Επί της βόρειας οροσειράς του Βαθύ και σε απόσταση 500 περίπου μέτρων
βόρεια της θέσης Μετόχι υψώνεται ο ορεινός όγκος του Κάστελλα. Στα δυτικά συνορεύει
με το όρος Μόντε Ρίτο. Ο αρχαίος οικισμός της περιοχής, όπως φαίνεται από τα επιβλητικά
ερείπια οικοδομημάτων, απλωνόταν από την ανατολική πλαγιά του Μόντε Ρίτο και περιέτρεχε
το χώρο του Κάστελλα από τη δυτική, νότια και ανατολική του πλαγιά. Ο οικισμός
περιελάμβανε πενήντα περίπου κτίσματα, μικρών και μεγάλων διαστάσεων, ορθογώνιας
κάτοψης. Οι τοιχοδομίες τους αποτελούνται από δουλεμένους ντόπιους ασβεστόλιθους,
τραπεζιόσχημους και ορθογώνιους, διαφόρων μεγεθών, χωρίς συνδετικό υλικό. Ειδικά
μερικοί λίθοι ξεχωρίζουν για τις μεγάλες τους διαστάσεις που φτάνουν μέχρι 1,60
μ. ύψος και 1,30 πλάτος. Στο ανώτερο τμήμα του οικισμού, στην κορυφή, σώζεται
το δυτικό τμήμα του τοίχου που την περιέκλεινε, σχηματίζοντας έναν χώρο ιδιαίτερης
σημασίας, όπως δείχνουν διάφορα κατά καιρούς ευρήματα. Πρόκειται ίσως για κάποιο
ιερό ή την κατοικία του άρχοντα του οικισμού. Ίχνη οχυρώσεων δεν υπάρχουν, λόγω
της μεγάλης έκτασης που καλύπτει ο οικισμός, αλλά ίσως και εξαιτίας των συνθηκών
της εποχής εκείνης. Σύμφωνα με διάφορα επιφανειακά ευρήματα, τα οποία έχουν κατά
καιρούς βρεθεί στην περιοχή, η κατοίκηση του χώρου αρχίζει κατά τους προϊστορικούς
χρόνους και συνεχίζεται έως και τους κλασικούς. Από τα ευρήματα ξεχωρίζουν προϊστορικά
όστρακα και λεπίδες οψιανού, δύο πήλινα ειδώλια της Υστερης Χαλκοκρατίας, όστρακα
κεραμικής και χάλκινα κοσμήματα γεωμετρικών χρόνων, ασημένια αρχαϊκά νομίσματα
της Μιλήτου και της Κω, πάρα πολλές χάλκινες αιχμές βελών των αρχών του 5ου π.Χ.
αιώνα, πήλινα υφαντικά βαρίδια και όστρακα αγγείων κλασικών χρόνων. Οι άνθρωποι
που κατοικούσαν στον Κάστελλα πρέπει να είχαν ως κύρια ενασχόληση τη θάλασσα.
Τα ευρήματα δείχνουν εμπορικές σχέσεις τόσο με τα μικρασιατικά παράλια, όσο και
με τα γειτονικά νησιά. Είναι πιθανόν οι κάτοικοι να ανήκαν στην Καρική φυλή, η
οποία βεβαιωμένα κατοικούσε στην Κάλυμνο. Ο οικισμός εγκαταλείπεται απότομα σε
κάποια δεδομένη χρονική στιγμή. Η εγκατάλειψη αυτή οφείλεται σε εναντίον του επιδρομή
κατά το α΄ μισό του 5ου αιώνα π.Χ., όπως εξάγεται από τις πολυπληθείς χάλκινες
αιχμές βελών που έχουν βρεθεί διάσπαρτα στο χώρο του οικισμού.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Φεβρουάριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΝΙΣΥΡΟΣ (Λιμάνι) ΔΩΔΕΚΑΝΗΣΟΣ
ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΥ (Νησάκι ερημικό) ΠΑΡΟΣ
Στο νησάκι του Οικονόμου, στον όρμο Λάγγερη, αποκαλύφθηκε οχυρωμένος οικισμός
της εποχής του Αρχίλοχου (725 - 654 π.Χ.).
ΠΛΑΚΑ (Παραλία) ΑΝΔΡΟΣ
Στη δυτική ακτή του νησιού, νότια της Ζαγοράς βρίσκεται ο προϊστορικός
χώρος της Πλάκας, ο οποίος χρονολογείται στην Εποχή του Χαλκού. Ο οικισμός περιλαμβάνει
πλήθος κτισμάτων, τα οποία σώζονται σε πολύ καλή κατάσταση. Θεωρείται από τους
αρχαιολόγους εφάμιλλος του Ακρωτηρίου της Σαντορίνης.
Το απόσπασμα παρατίθεται τον Μάιο 2003 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο
(2003) του Επαρχείου
Ανδρου.
ΣΚΑΛΙΑ (Οικισμός) ΚΑΛΥΜΝΟΣ
Λίγο μετά τα μέσα της οδικής απόστασης Αργινώντα - Σκάλια, στις απότομες
πλαγιέςτης οροσειράς, ανοίγεται ένα σχετικά ευρύ πλάτωμα, διαστάσεων 50 x 150
μ. περίπου, πάνω ακριβώς από το Σπήλαιο των Σκαλιών. Ο χώρος του πλατώματος είναι
διάσπαρτος από ερείπια αρχαίων οικοδομημάτων και αναλημμάτων και είναι γνωστός
με τ' όνομα Αγκιναριές, ενώ στις αρχές του αιώνα μας αναφέρεται και ως Βρυόκαστρο.
Η πρόσβαση στις Αγκιναριές είναι δύσκολη, καθώς ο επισκέπτης αναγκάζεται
να σκαρφαλώσει στην απότομη πλαγιά, στην οποία δεν υπάρχει κάποιο συγκεκριμένο
μονοπάτι.
Ο αρχαίος οικισμός του πλατώματος περιλαμβάνει γύρω στα 25 οικοδομήμτα,
κτισμένα από ντόπιες πέτρες αδροδουλεμένες. Αυτά ακολουθούν τις κλίσεις και τις
ιδιομορφίες του εδάφους και γι' αυτό παρουσιάζουν ευθείες και καμπύλες πλευρές.
Η θέση είναι από μόνη της φύσει οχυρή, καθώς περιβάλλεται από γκρεμούς.
Η μελέτη της επιφανειακής κεραμικής και των άλλων ευρημάτων δείχνει
ότι ο χώρος κατοικήθηκε ήδη από τους προϊστορικούς χρόνους και ως τους γεωμετρικούς.
Το κείμενο παρατίθεται τον Οκτώβριο 2003 από την ακόλουθη ιστοσελίδα του Δήμου Καλυμνίων
ΑΓΙΑ ΘΕΟΔΟΤΗ (Χωριό) ΙΟΣ
Ερείπια ελληνιστικού πύργου.
ΑΓΙΟΣ ΠΕΤΡΟΣ (Οικισμός) ΑΝΔΡΟΣ
Ο Ελληνιστικός πύργος του Αγίου Πέτρου βρίσκεται στην περιοχή του
Ανω Αγίου Πέτρου και χρονολογείται γύρω στον 4ο - 3ο αιώνα π.Χ. Εχει ύψος 20μ.
και από την εποχή κατασκευής του μέχρι τους μεσαιωνικούς χρόνους χρησίμευε ως
οχυρό για την προστασία των κατοίκων της περιοχής από τις επιδρομές.
Το απόσπασμα παρατίθεται τον Μάιο 2003 από τουριστικό φυλλάδιο (2003)
του Επαρχείου Ανδρου.
ΑΡΚΕΣΙΝΗ (Αρχαία πόλη) ΑΜΟΡΓΟΣ
In Arkesini, South Amorgos, the most important ancient monument can be seen. Even though the tower is half ruined it still dominates the plain standing beside the church of the same name.Built in the 4th century B.C.from large four cornered blocks, it protected the large rural population and the fertile expanses of the area, as it had small windows, a water cisternand a plumbing system
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